Vitamin D and the gut microbiome: a systematic review of in vivo studies
Abstract
Purpose Variation in the human microbiome has been linked with a variety of physiological functions, including immune regulation and metabolism and biosynthesis of vitamins, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Evidence for extraskeletal effects of vitamin D has been accruing and it has been suggested that the effect of vitamin D on health is partially mediated through the microbiome. We aimed to critically evaluate the evidence linking vitamin D and the gastrointestinal microbiome.Methods We systematically searched the Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and CINAHL databases, including peer-reviewed publications that reported an association between a measure of vitamin D and the gastrointestinal microbiome in humans or experimental animals.Results We included 10 mouse and 14 human studies. Mouse studies compared mice fed diets containing different levels of vitamin D (usually high versus low), or vitamin D receptor knockout or Cyp27B1 knockout with wild-type mice. Five mouse studies reported an increase in Bacteroidetes (or taxa within that phylum) in the low vitamin D diet or gene knockout group. Human studies were predominantly observational; all but two of the included studies found some association between vitamin D and the gut microbiome, but the nature of differences observed varied across studies.Conclusions Despite substantial heterogeneity, we found evidence to support the hypothesis that vitamin D influences the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome. However, the research is limited, having been conducted either in mice or in mostly small, selected human populations. Future research in larger population-based studies is needed to fully understand the extent to which vitamin D modulates the microbiome.
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A recent systematic review suggests that vitamin D status or supplementation can modulate microbiota composition, but with inconsistent data, especially from human studies, no trend is emerging yet.
“A recent systematic review summarizing the evidence available from human and animal studies on the impact of vitamin D on the gut microbiota suggests that vitamin D status or supplementation can modulate microbiota composition; but with inconsistent data, especially from human studies, no trend is emerging yet (147).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [147]
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- Authors
- Waterhouse, M., Hope, B., Krause, L., Morrison, M., Protani, M. M., Zakrzewski, M., & Neale, R. E.
- Affiliations
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2018-10-15
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2895-2910
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- OpenAlex
- W2898073983
- Semantic Scholar
- 9f7f5a40a8a0f3fee79a6be0ee9a551af2affd2e
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- vitamin D, gut microbiota, Bacteroidetes, vitamin D receptor, CYP27B1, vitamin D deficiency, diet, immune regulation, host-microbe interactions
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Diet, Humans, Vitamin D, Vitamins, Models, Animal, Mice
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