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From chemosensory thresholds to whole body exposures—experimental approaches evaluating chemosensory effects of chemicals
Abstract
Objectives To ensure safety and health the avoidance of adverse chemosensory effects is essential at workplaces where volatile chemicals are used. The present study describes psychophysical approaches that provide information for the evaluation of such effects. Methods By means of a modified staircase procedure the odor (OT) and irritation thresholds (IT) of 15 irritants were determined. These basic chemosensory properties, confining the chemosensory effect range, were investigated in a random sample of 144 persons stratified for gender and age. Those irritants exhibiting high chemosensory potency were selected for the second psychophysical part of the study. Forty-eight persons, again stratified for gender and age, rated the intensity of 13 trigeminal and olfactory perceptions elicited by nine ascending concentrations of the irritants, ranging from the odor to the irritation threshold of the respective substances. Results Across the investigated chemicals the transition from concentrations eliciting pure olfactory stimulation (OT) to trigeminal stimulation (IT) differed markedly. The carboxylic acids yielded narrow ranges from odor to irritation thresholds, while for the amines (cyclohexylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine) and the esters (ethyl formate and ethyl acetate) these ranges were somewhat wider. The two chemosensory thresholds of ethyl acrylate and ammonia were farthest from each other. Gender and age had only weak impact on the chemosensory thresholds. At present, the results of the intensity ratings could be given for six substances. Among them, the rated pungency for cyclohexylamine, formic acid, and ethyl acetate increased strongest across the nine applied concentrations. Conclusions By means of these psychophysical approaches a diverse class of chemicals can be described and compared with respect to their chemosensory potency. This information can be used twofold (a) for the evaluation of existing studies reporting sensory irritations and (b) for the design of experimental exposure studies.
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Mean odor thresholds in younger adults (18-35 years) were 0.37, 0.21 and 0.21 ppm for acetic, propionic and acrylic acids, respectively; in older adults (≥45) they were 0.67, 0.42 and 0.55, respectively.
“Mean odor thresholds in younger adults (18-35 years) were 0.37, 0.21 and 0.21 ppm for acetic, propionic and acrylic acids, respectively; in older adults (≥45) they were 0.67, 0.42 and 0.55, respectively.”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as van Thriel et al., 2006
An occupational health study found large logarithmic differences in odor perception thresholds and irritation thresholds among various chemical classes.
“An occupational health study of the chemosensory thresholds of various chemical classes (carboxylic acids; amines; esters; ketones and alcohol; and inorganics such as ammonia and hydrochloric acid) found large logarithmic differences in their odor perception thresholds and irritation thresholds.”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as van Thriel et al., 2006
Both speech recognition and discriminating speech from background noise become difficult for older adults.
“As a result of these changes, both speech recognition and discriminating speech from background noise become difficult (van Thriel et al., 2006).”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as van Thriel et al., 2006
The smell of ethyl acrylate is first perceived at 6 × 10-6 ppm, compared to acetic acid at 0.59 ppm, and ethyl formate at 30 ppm.
“For example, the smell of an acrid substance like ethyl acrylate is first perceived at 6 × 10-6 ppm, compared to acetic acid (vinegar) at 0.59 ppm, and ethyl formate at 30 ppm (van Thriel et al., 2006).”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as van Thriel et al., 2006
In the occupational setting, chemosensory thresholds vary dramatically among different types of industrial chemicals.
“In the occupational setting, it is known that chemosensory thresholds vary dramatically among different types of industrial chemicals.”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as van Thriel et al., 2006
These investigators did not find significant age-related differences in odor perception thresholds; small differences were determined only for acetic acid, propionic acid and acrylic acid.
“These investigators did not find significant age-related differences in odor perception thresholds; small differences were determined only for acetic acid, propionic acid and acrylic acid.”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as van Thriel et al., 2006
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“At sufficient quality and intensity, odors can be perceived as hedonically unpleasant and annoying and cause emotional or somatic complaints, activity impairment, or complaint filing (Dalton 2003; van Thriel et al. 2006, 2008; Sucker et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citation(2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-013-1882-3 · Cited by 6
“B . bei der Ac-rylsäure [23], schlägt die Ad-hoc-Arbeits-gruppe eine Einzelfallbewertung vor.”
Hucke, C. I., Heinen, R. M., Wascher, E., & van Thriel, C. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119903 · Cited by 8
Exposure study to examine chemosensory effects of ɛ-caprolactam in healthy men and women
Triebig, G., Triebig-Heller, I., & Bruckner, T. (2016) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958378.2016.1227888 · Cited by 5
“…chemosensory effects of chemicals from the point of view of occupational and environmental medicine, since about 40% of occupational exposure limits for chemicals in the workplace are based on avoiding sensory irritation (Dick & Ahlers, 1998; Edling & Lundberg, 2000; van Thriel et al., 2006).”
BackgroundHoffmeyer, F., Bünger, J., Monsé, C., Berresheim, H., Jettkant, B., Beine, A., Brüning, T., & Sucker, K. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2016_242 · Cited by 6
Self-citationIdentification of volatile compounds contributing to pennycress aroma
Luo, P., & Reineccius, G. A. (2022) · Flavour and Fragrance Journal · doi:10.1002/ffj.3718 · Cited by 6
Kim, J. H., Sung, M.-C., & Chae, J. (2017) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2017.60.3.94 · Cited by 4
Richtwerte für 1-Butanol in der Innenraumluft
Umweltbundesamtes, B. D. (2014) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-014-1972-x · Cited by 4
Shen, H., Li, X.-Y., & Li, Z.-H. (2023) · Water, Air and Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06491-6 · Cited by 3
The Influence of Humidity on Assessing Irritation Threshold of Ammonia
Monsé, C., Sucker, K., Hoffmeyer, F., Jettkant, B., Berresheim, H., Bünger, J., & Brüning, T. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/6015761 · Cited by 3
“Data on the chemosensory effect range can further be used to design human whole-body exposure chamber studies or to evaluate existing studies reporting on sensory irritation [6].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationRichtwerte für Ethylacetat in der Innenraumluft
Umweltbundesamtes, B. D. (2014) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-014-2067-4 · Cited by 3
“Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts zur Abgrenzung und Differenzierung „ir-ritativer“ und „belästigender“ Effekte von Gefahrstoffen [27] wurden an je 36 Män-nern und Frauen mittels statischer Ol-faktometrie die Geruchschwelle und die Lateralisationsschwelle bestimmt [28, 29].”
Towards an all-fiber system for detection and monitoring of ammonia
Adamu, A., Dasa, M., Habib, M. S., Amezcua-Correa, R., Bang, O., & Markos, C. (2019) · BiOS · doi:10.1117/12.2509575 · Cited by 2
Spatial distribution of odorous compounds in an enclosed waste mechanical biological treatment plant
Fang, J., Lü, F., Zhang, H., Shao, L., & He, P. (2015) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.33824 · Cited by 2
Hoffmeyer, F., Sucker, K., Berresheim, H., Monsé, C., Jettkant, B., Beine, A., Raulf, M., Bünger, J., & Brüning, T. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2017_1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationRichtwerte für Methansäure, Ethansäure und Propansäure in der Innenraumluft
(2023) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-023-03672-w · Cited by 1
Li, K., Xu, X.-H., Lü, F., He, P., & Fang, J. (2021) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-021-00568-x · Cited by 1
“Therefore, if the odor source contains trimethylamine, the influence range and distance of the source are larger than others [15].”
BackgroundPeripheral Chemosensory Irritation: Fundamentals, Investigation and Applied Considerations
Ballantyne, B. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470744307.gat060 · Cited by 1
Odour wheel – A new supporting tool for the assessment of odours in indoor environments
Brosig, L., Strasser, L., Maxeiner, B., Beier, A., Senkale, S., Kolodziejczyk, R., Hameister, J., Gerull, F., Schröder, K., Sucker, K., et al. (2026) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100193
Hartwig, A. (2025) · MAK Collection for Occupational Health and Safety · doi:10.34865/mb10994d10_2ad
“In einer Probandenstudie wurden mit standardisierten psychophysischen Messungen die Geruchs-und Irritations-schwellen für Ethylformiat bestimmt (van Thriel et al. 2006).”
Cui, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Bao, L., Jiao, F., Wei, X., Qian, W. Q., Shi, X., Su, C., & Qian, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87298-9 · Cited by 1
“Sulphur and nitrogen containing compounds, particularly NH 3 and H 2 S, are of particular importance, as they are the primary odorous substances and possess a distinctive odor that is easily noticeable even at small concentrations(H 2 S = 0.005ppm; NH 3 = 0.05ppm) 48,49 .”
Xu, X.-H., Li, K., Lü, F., He, P., & Fang, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-806113/v1
“Therefore, if the odor source contains trimethylamine, the in�uence range and distance of the source are larger than others [14].”
“The concentration of 0.6 ml/m3 was based on the odour threshold (van Thriel et al. 2006) and served as the control, as trigeminal effects can be excluded at this level of exposure.”
MethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- van Thriel, C., Schäper, M., Kiesswetter, E., Kleinbeck, S., Juran, S., Blaszkewicz, M., Fricke, H.-H., Altmann, L., Berresheim, H., & Brüning, T.
- Affiliations
- TU Dortmund University (DE)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- van Thriel, Christoph
- Venue
- International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Published
- 2006-01-06
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 308-321
- ISSN
- 0340-0131 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2056269557
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Chemical Health and Safety › Chemical Safety and Risk Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Keywords
- sensory irritation, odor threshold, psychophysical testing, trigeminal nerve stimulation, olfactory perception, pungency, carboxylic acids, amines, esters, ethyl acrylate, ammonia, cyclohexylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, formic acid, gender and age differences, occupational exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollutants, Occupational, Differential Threshold, Female, Humans, Irritants, Male, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Middle Aged, Odorants, Sensory Thresholds, Smell, Trigeminal Nerve, Signal Detection, Psychological
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