Cited by 156Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

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Cardiorespiratory synchronization during Zen meditation.

Cysarz, Dirk, Büssing, Arndt·2005·European Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1007/s00421-005-1379-3

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Abstract

The impact of meditation on cardiorespiratory synchronization with respect to breathing oscillations and the modulations of heart rate induced by respiration (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) was investigated in this study. Four different exercises (spontaneous breathing, mental task, Zen meditation, and Kinhin meditation) were consecutively performed by nine subjects mainly without any experience in meditation. An electrocardiogram and a respiratory trace were recorded simultaneously. On this basis the degree of cardiorespiratory synchronization was quantified by a technique which has been adopted from the analysis of weakly coupled chaotic oscillators. Both types of meditation showed a high degree of synchronization, whereas heartbeat and respiration were hardly synchronized during spontaneous breathing. During the mental task exercise the extent of synchronization was slightly higher than during spontaneous breathing. These results were largely determined by the breathing frequency because the two types of meditation induce low breathing frequencies which led to a pronounced and in-phase RSA. During the meditation the low breathing frequencies led to a decrease in the high frequency of heart rate variability, whereas the low frequency and the extent of RSA increased. The heart rate primarily reflected the degree of physical effort. The high degree of cardiorespiratory synchronization during meditation in unexperienced meditators suggests that the physiological implications of meditation does not require prior experience in meditation.

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Background
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Büssing A (2001) Kinhin – Meditation im Gehen. In: Büssing A (ed) Regen über den Kiefern. Zen Meditation für chronisch Kranke und Tumorpatienten. Johannes M. Mayer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 38–40
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Authors: Cysarz, D., & Büssing, A.
Affiliations: Witten/Herdecke University (DE)
Corresponding author: Cysarz, Dirk
ORCID: Cysarz, Dirk
Büssing, Arndt
Venue: European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-06-07
Volume: 95
Issue: 1
Pages: 88-95
ISSN: 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
1439-6319
1439-6327
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-1379-3
OpenAlex: W1995023224
Cited by: 154
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 3.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords: cardiorespiratory synchronization, Zen meditation, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, heart rate variability, respiratory rate, meditation experience, physical exertion, cognitive tasks
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Biological Clocks, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pulmonary Ventilation, Statistics as Topic, Respiratory Mechanics, Meditation

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