Physiological and subjective responses to cooling devices on firefighting protective clothing
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of ice-packs (ICE) and phase change material (PCM) cooling devices in reducing physiological load based on subjects' physiological and subjective responses while the subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer while wearing firefighting protective clothing in a relatively high temperature environment (30 degrees C, 50%RH). Subjects were eight graduate students, aged 25.9 years (SD 3.2). Each subject participated in four 50-min exposures: control (CON), ICE, PCM of 5 degrees C [PCM(5)] and 20 degrees C [PCM(20)]. Each subject rested in a pre-test room for 10 min before entering the test-room where they rested for another 10 min, followed by 30 min-exercise and a 10 min-recovery period. The exercise intensity was set at 55%VO(2max). Cooling effects were evaluated by measuring rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), body weight loss and subjective responses. An increase in Tre for PCM(5) and PCM(20) which was less than that for CON and ICE was observed. The increases in Tsk were depressed using cooling devices, but the cooling effects of PCMs were greater than ICE. The subjects with CON felt hotter and wetter than those in the other conditions. The larger surface cooling area, higher melting temperature and softer material of PCMs which reduces absorption capacity caused a decrease in Tre and Tsk for PCM(5) and PCM(20) which was more than that for CON and ICE. Furthermore, PCM(20) does not require refrigeration. These results suggest that PCM(20) is more effective than other cooling devices in reducing the physiological load while wearing firefighting protective clothing.
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A number of studies on personal cooling using PCMs showed its effectiveness in alleviating heat strain in occupational settings.
“A number of studies on personal cooling using PCMs showed its effectiveness in alleviating heat strain in occupational settings (Bennett et al. 1995; Choi et al. 2008; Chou et al. 2008; Reinertsen et al. 2008; Gao et al. 2011a), and during and after sports and exercises (Webster et al. 2005; House et al. 2013; Zhao et al. 2015a).”
From Occupational heat stress assessment and protective strategies in the context of climate change (2018) · cites this paper as Chou et al. 2008
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Vadakkan, S., Abhijith, M. T., & Sreekumar, A. (2022) · Energy Storage · doi:10.1002/est2.438 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mneimneh, F., Ghaddar, N., Ghali, K., Moussalem, C. K., & Omeis, I. A. (2019) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gupta, A. K., Shrivastava, A., Kothadia, H., & Chakraborty, P. R. (2024) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115058 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chou, C., Tochihara, Y., & Kim, T.
- Affiliations
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Chou, Chinmei
- ORCID
- Tochihara, Yutaka
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2008-02-08
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 369-374
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2013681039
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Textile materials and evaluations
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Keywords
- firefighting protective clothing, cooling devices, ice packs, phase change materials, rectal temperature, skin temperature, thermal comfort, physiological load, heat stress, exercise in the heat, weight loss, thermal sensation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Exercise Test, Fires, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Protective Clothing, Skin Temperature, Anaerobic Threshold, Weight Loss, Exercise, Occupational Exposure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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