The impact of a phase-change cooling vest on heat strain and the effect of different cooling pack melting temperatures
Abstract
Cooling vests (CV) are often used to reduce heat strain. CVs have traditionally used ice as the coolant, although other phase-change materials (PCM) that melt at warmer temperatures have been used in an attempt to enhance cooling by avoiding vasoconstriction, which supposedly occurs when ice CVs are used. This study assessed the effectiveness of four CVs that melted at 0, 10, 20 and 30 °C (CV₀, CV₁₀, CV₂₀, and CV₃₀) when worn by 10 male volunteers exercising and then recovering in 40 °C air whilst wearing fire-fighting clothing. When compared with a non-cooling control condition (CON), only the CV₀ and CV₁₀ vests provided cooling during exercise (40 and 29 W, respectively), whereas all CVs provided cooling during resting recovery (CV₀ 69 W, CV₁₀ 66 W, CV₂₀ 55 W and CV₃₀ 29 W) (P < 0.05). In all conditions, skin blood flow increased when exercising and reduced during recovery, but was lower in the CV₀ and CV₁₀ conditions compared with control during exercise (observed power 0.709) (P < 0.05), but not during resting recovery (observed power only 0.55). The participants preferred the CV₁₀ to the CV₀, which caused temporary erythema to underlying skin, although this resolved overnight after each occurrence. Consequently, a cooling vest melting at 10 °C would seem to be the most appropriate choice for cooling during combined work and rest periods, although possibly an ice-vest (CV₀) may also be appropriate if more insulation was worn between the cooling packs and the skin than used in this study.
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A number of studies on personal cooling using PCMs showed its effectiveness during and after sports and exercises.
“A number of studies on personal cooling using PCMs showed its effectiveness in alleviating heat strain in occupational settings (Bennett et al. 1995; Choi et al. 2008; Chou et al. 2008; Reinertsen et al. 2008; Gao et al. 2011a), and during and after sports and exercises (Webster et al. 2005; House et al. 2013; Zhao et al. 2015a).”
From Occupational heat stress assessment and protective strategies in the context of climate change (2018) · cites this paper as House et al. 2013
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Wang, Y., Yuan, F., Yao, W., Yang, G., Zhang, L., & Wang, C. (2026) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.116761
Zhang, Y., Li, J., Li, J., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Journal of the Textile Institute · doi:10.1080/00405000.2026.2622878
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Douzi, W. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b0177686z232cz4639zb9c9z55ca3831b822
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- Authors
- House, J. R., Lunt, H. C., Taylor, R., Milligan, G., Lyons, J. A., & House, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Navy (GB)
- Corresponding author
- House, James R.
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2012-11-16
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1223-1231
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2024184671
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 3.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Textile materials and evaluations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- cooling vest, phase change materials, heat strain, ice vest, skin blood flow, vasoconstriction, heat stress, post-exercise recovery, thermal comfort, erythema
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cold Temperature, Freezing, Hot Temperature, Humans, Male, Protective Clothing, Skin Temperature, Exercise, Case-Control Studies, Firefighters
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