The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An introduction and overview of machine learning in neurosurgical care
Open accessAbstract
Background Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn from large complex datasets without being explicitly programmed. Although ML is already widely manifest in our daily lives in various forms, the considerable potential of ML has yet to find its way into mainstream medical research and day-to-day clinical care. The complex diagnostic and therapeutic modalities used in neurosurgery provide a vast amount of data that is ideally suited for ML models. This systematic review explores ML's potential to assist and improve neurosurgical care.Method A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed and Embase databases to identify all potentially relevant studies up to January 1, 2017. All studies were included that evaluated ML models assisting neurosurgical treatment.Results Of the 6,402 citations identified, 221 studies were selected after subsequent title/abstract and full-text screening. In these studies, ML was used to assist surgical treatment of patients with epilepsy, brain tumors, spinal lesions, neurovascular pathology, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and hydrocephalus. Across multiple paradigms, ML was found to be a valuable tool for presurgical planning, intraoperative guidance, neurophysiological monitoring, and neurosurgical outcome prediction.Conclusions ML has started to find applications aimed at improving neurosurgical care by increasing the efficiency and precision of perioperative decision-making. A thorough validation of specific ML models is essential before implementation in clinical neurosurgical care. To bridge the gap between research and clinical care, practical and ethical issues should be considered parallel to the development of these techniques.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Data-induced bias refers to the bias when the training data is not representative or insufficient that affects the algorithm model”
From Ethics and governance of trustworthy medical artificial intelligence (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Elements of Statistical Learning
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. (2009) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7 · Cited by 25,970
Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects
Jordan, M. I., & Mitchell, T. M. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa8415 · Cited by 9,955
Predicting the future - big data, machine learning, and clinical medicine
Obermeyer, Z., & Emanuel, E. J. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1606181 · Cited by 3,652
Deo, R. C. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.001593 · Cited by 3,466
Machine Learning Applications in Cancer Prognosis and Prediction
Kourou, K., Exarchos, T. P., Exarchos, K. P., Karamouzis, M. V., & Fotiadis, D. I. (2015) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2014.11.005 · Cited by 3,338
Brain tumor segmentation with Deep Neural Networks
Havaei, M., Davy, A., Warde-Farley, D., Biard, A., Courville, A., Bengio, Y., Pal, C., Jodoin, P.-M., & Larochelle, H. (2017) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2016.05.004 · Cited by 3,278
Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence
Ghahramani, Z. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14541 · Cited by 1,995
Toward a Shared Vision for Cancer Genomic Data
Grossman, R. L., Heath, A. P., Ferretti, V., Varmus, H. E., Lowy, D. R., Kibbe, W. A., & Staudt, L. M. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1607591 · Cited by 1,680
Machine learning and neurosurgical outcome prediction: a systematic review
Senders, J. T., Staples, P. C., Karhade, A. V., Zaki, M. M., Gormley, W. B., Broekman, M. L. D., Smith, T. R., & Arnaout, O. (2018) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.149 · Cited by 486
Self-citationMachine Learning and Decision Support in Critical Care
Johnson, A. E. W., Ghassemi, M. M., Nemati, S., Niehaus, K. E., Clifton, D. A., & Clifford, G. D. (2016) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2501978 · Cited by 459
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Hamzei-Sichani F, Sperling M, Fuertinger S, Sharan A, Simonyan K (2016) Cortical networks high frequency EEG activity patterns in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. J Neurosurg 124:A1184
- Mitchell TM (1997) Machine learning. McGraw-Hill Science, New York
- Orringer D, Ji M, Lewis S, Camelo-Piragua S, Johnson T, Sagher O, Wang A, Maher C, Heth J, Xie X (2015) Visualizing brain tumor infiltration with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. J Neurosurg 123:A523
- Shamir R, Duchin Y, Kim JJK, Marmor O, Bergman H, Vitek JL, Sapiro G, Bick AS, Eliyahu R, Eitan R et al (2016) MER validation of a new targeting approach for STN-DBS surgery based on machine-learning and 7T-MRI database (10661). Neuromodulation 19:e67
- Shih JJ, Krusienski DJ (2009) Electrocorticography in a brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigm. Epilepsia 50:327
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–177 of 177
Predictive models in precision medicine
Berikol, G. B., & Berikol, G. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817133-2.00007-0 · Cited by 7
Shevchenko, E. V., Danilov, G., Usachev, D. Y., Lukshin, V. A., Kotik, K., & Ishankulov, T. (2022) · Burdenko s Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.17116/neiro20228606143 · Cited by 8
Stopa, B. M., Yan, S. C., Dasenbrock, H. H., Kim, D., & Gormley, W. B. (2019) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.292 · Cited by 5
Self-citationVelagapudi, L., D’souza, T., Matias, C. M., & Sharan, A. D. (2020) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.105 · Cited by 5
The intersection of prognostication and code status in patients with severe brain injury
Georgia, M. A. D. (2022) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.153997 · Cited by 4
Costin, H. P., Brehar, F.-M., Corlatescu, A.-D., & Pruna, V. M. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13112691 · Cited by 3
Impacts of artificial intelligence on healthcare business models and outcomes
Kakale, M. M., & Pinelli, N. (2026) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-06-2025-0356 · Cited by 4
MRI radiomics-based approach to predict pituitary neuroendocrine tumor invasiveness
Calandrelli, R., Tran, H. E., Boccia, E., Oliva, E., D’Apolito, G., Boldrini, L., Mattogno, P. P., Chiloiro, S., Gessi, M., Doglietto, F., et al. (2026) · European Radiology Experimental · doi:10.1186/s41747-026-00736-9 · Cited by 3
Chen, C., Hao, L., Bai, B., & Zhang, G. (2025) · BMC Medical Imaging · doi:10.1186/s12880-024-01483-2 · Cited by 3
Lebina, V. A., Shikhalakhova, O. K., Kokhan, A. A., Rashidov, I. Y., Tazhev, K. A., Filippova, A. V., Myshinskaya, E. P., Symolkina, Y. V., Ibuev, Y. I., Mataeva, A. A., et al. (2025) · Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproduction · doi:10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.591 · Cited by 3
Artificial intelligence in intensive care unit: Current ethical dilemmas
Zarra, F., Rolando, M., Cardona, R. P., & Videtta, W. (2025) · Medico-Legal Journal · doi:10.1177/00258172251332485 · Cited by 3
Rodríguez-Martínez, E. A., Arzaluz, C. R., Ayala, M. E., Blanco‐Rodríguez, R., Juárez, N., Hernandez-Vargas, E. A., & Aragón, A. (2023) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24732 · Cited by 3
Wu, T.-C., Kim, A., Tsai, C.-T., Gao, A. Y. L., Ghuman, T. S., Paul, A., Castillo, A., Cheng, J. S., Adogwa, O., Ngwenya, L. B., et al. (2024) · Applied Clinical Informatics · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1787119 · Cited by 3
Radiologist vs Machine Learning: A Comparison of Performance in Cancer Imaging
Provenzano, D., Rao, Y. J., Goyal, S., Haji-Momenian, S., Lichtenberger, J. P., & Loew, M. H. (2021) · IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop · doi:10.1109/aipr52630.2021.9762211 · Cited by 3
WITHDRAWN: Finger veins recognition using machine learning techniques
Ali, A. T., Abdullah, H. S., & Fadhil, M. N. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.076 · Cited by 3
RetractedPatel, B. K., Zohdy, Y. M., Lohana, S., Tariciotti, L., Rodas, A., Alawieh, A. M., Jahangiri, A., Faraj, R. R., Maldonado, J., Uribe-Pacheco, R., et al. (2025) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.123653 · Cited by 2
Shah, S. P., Ranjith, G., Narendran, M., Patel, B. K., Gowda, A., George, T., Easwer, H. V., & Nair, P. (2025) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/neurol-india.neurol-india-d-24-00350 · Cited by 2
Hussain, M., Shabbir, A., Bakhshi, S. K., & Shamim, M. S. (2021) · Asian Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.4103/ajns.ajns_265_20 · Cited by 2
Applications of Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Outcomes in Primary Pontine Hemorrhage
Yindeedej, V., Setprapha, C., Komarapaj, C., Osirichaivait, K., Nimmannitya, P., & Noiphithak, R. (2023) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.014 · Cited by 2
Comparison of AI chatbot predicted and realworld survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Kavak, E. E., Erdat, E. C., Derin, Z. A., Dilli, İ., Tolunay, P. K., Öksüzoğlu, B. Ç., & Akbulut, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06591-9 · Cited by 1
Aprendizaje Automático en Aplicaciones Fisioterapéuticas
González-Islas, J.-C. (2019) · PÄDI Boletín Científico de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías del ICBI · doi:10.29057/icbi.v7iespecial.4473 · Cited by 2
Staartjes, V. E., & Kernbach, J. M. (2021) · Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85292-4_6 · Cited by 3
Ghosh, S., & Dasgupta, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8881-2_15 · Cited by 2
Systematic Literature Review on Convolutional Neural Networks for Vascular Surgeries
Gamboa-Cruzado, J., Rojas-Morales, M., López-Goycochea, J., Tinoco, E. E. C., Paucar-Carlos, G., & Damián, A. P. S. (2022) · International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) · doi:10.3991/ijoe.v18i12.31535 · Cited by 2
Zaki, M. M. (2020) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neuros/nyaa591 · Cited by 2
Self-citationStaartjes, V. E., & Kernbach, J. M. (2021) · Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85292-4_5 · Cited by 1
Menon, G. R., Hareesha, K. S., Gajula, K., Kumar, S., & Hegde, A. (2022) · Journal of Stroke Medicine · doi:10.1177/25166085221127861 · Cited by 1
Ahsan, A., & Siddiqi, S. (2023) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2023922840 · Cited by 1
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SCOLIOSIS DIAGNOSIS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CHATGPT AND SURGEONS
de Oliveira, L. S. R., de Souza, R. C., CESAR, A. E. M., Motter, B. V., Oliveira, W. H. D. A., Foizer, G. A., Pereira, G. D. A. V., & Rodrigues, L. M. R. (2025) · Coluna/Columna · doi:10.1590/s1808-185120252402293157 · Cited by 1
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Early Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Arterial Aneurysms
Rajale, P., Meshram, N., Joshi, S., Muleva, G., Vinchurkar, K., & Borse, L. (2026) · Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.4103/ijves.ijves_161_25 · Cited by 1
Improving Outcomes: Big Data and Predictive Analytics
Karhade, A. V., Gormley, W. B., & Smith, T. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812898-5.00016-3 · Cited by 1
Self-citationAIM in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Muthu, S., Nabi, F., & Nabi, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58080-3_306-1 · Cited by 1
Wu, X. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/8229956 · Cited by 1
Artificial Intelligence: A Tool to Help Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment
Saghazadeh, A., & Rezaei, N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_309-1 · Cited by 1
Survey of neuroimaging in neurological surgery, current state, and emerging research
Narasimhan, S., & González, H. F. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroimaging · doi:10.3389/fnimg.2023.1022680 · Cited by 1
Application of Machine Learning Methods in NPH
Mládek, A., Gerla, V., Zazay, A., & Bradáč, O. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36522-5_19 · Cited by 1
Villar, L. E. D. B., Baldoncini, M., Campero, Á., & Demichelis, M. E. (2025) · Surgical Neurology International · doi:10.25259/sni_303_2025 · Cited by 1
AIM in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Muthu, S., Nabi, F., & Nabi, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_306 · Cited by 1
Shlobin, N. A., & Moher, D. (2021) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neuros/nyab331 · Cited by 1
Zarra, F., Gandhi, D. N., Karki, A., & Chaurasia, B. K. (2024) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108270 · Cited by 1
Artificial intelligence for management of patients with intracranial neoplasms
Mammi, M., Boaro, A., Kavouridis, V. K., Hulsbergen, A. F. C., Senders, J. T., Gormley, W. B., Smith, T. R., & Arnaout, O. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817133-2.00009-4
Self-citationTariciotti, L., Fiore, G., Carrabba, G. G., Bertani, G., Ferrante, E., Caccavella, V. M., Mattogno, P. P., Mantovani, G., & Locatelli, M. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.160451286.60501310/v1
Brief Review of Machine Learning in Neurosurgery
Roka, Y. B. (2018) · Nepal Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3126/njn.v15i3.23268
Das, D., & Mahanta, L. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_189
Prabhu, R. S., Sabithaananthi, D., Umamaheswari, D., & Rajasoundarya, S. (2022) · International Journal of Frontiers in Science and Technology Research · doi:10.53294/ijfstr.2022.2.1.0021 · Cited by 1
Freitas, D. D. C., & Reis, D. L. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Development · doi:10.34117/bjdv8n11-320
Beyala, L. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394192342.refs
Combating COVID-19 by employing machine learning predictions and projections
Malhotra, A. G., Borkar, P., Chowdhary, R., & Singh, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85955-4.00003-x
A computational model to derive certain human cognitive mind functions.Preprint
Dundas, J., & Ling, M. H. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/56gkp
A Computational Approach to Understand the Human Thought Process
Dundas, J., & Ling, M. H. (2023) · International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System (ICE3IS) · doi:10.1109/ice3is59323.2023.10335478
The effect of machine learning and artificial intelligence on the use of robots in neurosurgery
Bhattacharyya, D. (2019) · Advances in Clinical Neuroscience & Rehabilitation · doi:10.47795/ojhn3816
Livin’ on a Prayer: The Intersection of Prognostication, Code Status, and Palliative Care
Georgia, M. A. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69686-2_16
The Neurosurgical Uncertainty Index: Self-Doubting AI for rare or unexpected surgical complicationsPreprint
Thiong’o, G. M., & Ogundokun, A. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.25326833
Automated tumor localization in IGRT system via deep reinforcement learning and genetic algorithm
Saeed, U., Khuhro, M. A., Kumar, K., Laghari, A. A., Shaikh, A. A., Khan, U. A., & Solangi, S. (2025) · Human-Intelligent Systems Integration · doi:10.1007/s42454-025-00078-8
Artificial Intelligence: A Tool to Help Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment
Saghazadeh, A., & Rezaei, N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00763-6_309
Future Directions in Cranial Approaches
Palmiero, H. D. O. M., & Figueiredo, E. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04664-2_21
Computer Science: The Computer as a Neurosurgical Tool
Koo, A. B., & King, J. D. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009597852.015
Maghrabi, Y., Jamjoom, A. B., Algahtani, A. Y., Alshareef, O. H., Jamjoom, O. M., & Alzahrani, M. T. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.98191
Huang, Y., Talwar, A., Chatterjee, S., & Aparasu, R. R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14544760
Murphy, K., Ruggiero, E. D., Upshur, R., Willison, D. J., Malhotra, N., Cai, J. C., Malhotra, N., Lui, V., & Gibson, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14037896
Huang, Y., Talwar, A., Chatterjee, S., & Aparasu, R. R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14544751
Huang, Y., Talwar, A., Chatterjee, S., & Aparasu, R. R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14544757
Murphy, K., Ruggiero, E. D., Upshur, R., Willison, D. J., Malhotra, N., Cai, J. C., Malhotra, N., Lui, V., & Gibson, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14037905
Murphy, K., Ruggiero, E. D., Upshur, R., Willison, D. J., Malhotra, N., Cai, J. C., Malhotra, N., Lui, V., & Gibson, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14037899
Huang, Y., Talwar, A., Chatterjee, S., & Aparasu, R. R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14544754
Murphy, K., Ruggiero, E. D., Upshur, R., Willison, D. J., Malhotra, N., Cai, J. C., Malhotra, N., Lui, V., & Gibson, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14037902
Qasim, S., Pradhan, N., & Shweta (2025) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/202520401024
Hellwege, R. S., Gönel, M., Sebök, M., Sarnthein, J., Weller, D., Brugger, S. D., & Brandi, G. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8357670/v1
Mahindre, A. A., & Kondekar, S. A. (2025) · International Conference on Future Technologies (ICFT) · doi:10.1109/icft66708.2025.11336423
Data driven methods to support decision making in Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s disease
Peralta, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/59262743z5225z46d3z984ez3f9b0a19c4a7
Ecemiş, E., Aydemir, G., & Uğurlu, M. (2026) · Sağlık akademisyenleri dergisi/Sağlık akademisyenler dergisi · doi:10.52880/sagakaderg.1904844
Kamran, M., Majeed, A., Haque, A. S. M. R., & Abdullah, J. Y. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72884
Cosma, C., Butiurcă, V. O., Botoncea, M., Molnar, D., & Molnar, C.-D. (2026) · Emergency Care and Medicine · doi:10.3390/ecm3030024
Mahindre, A. A., & Kondekar, S. A. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-31216-7_45
Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Management of Spinal Care: A Narrative Review
AbdelAlim, Y. A., Sylvester, Z. T., Sulaj, E., Riahi, A., Neitzel, I., Barsch, J., & Goldstein, I. (2026) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-026-02596-1
Machine learning-based voice recognition system
Parshotam, & Sharma, S. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0285817
Metadata
- Authors
- Senders, J. T., Zaki, M. M., Karhade, A. V., Chang, B., Gormley, W. B., Broekman, M. L., Smith, T. R., & Arnaout, O.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arnaout, Omar
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Neurochirurgica
- Published
- 2017-11-13
- Volume
- 160
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-38
- ISSN
- 0001-6268 (ISSN-L)
- 0942-0940
- OpenAlex
- W2768899399
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 0.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Acta Neurochirurgica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Keywords
- machine learning, neurosurgery, epilepsy, brain tumors, spinal lesions, neurovascular pathology, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, hydrocephalus, presurgical planning, intraoperative guidance, neuromonitoring, clinical implementation, model validation, AI ethics
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Brain, Decision Making, Humans, Prognosis, Spinal Cord, Neurosurgical Procedures
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review