Isolation and Characterization of the First Chinese Porcine Sapelovirus Strain
Abstract
Investigations were carried out to identify the causative agent of acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, and polioencephalomyelitis of pigs on a swine farm in Shanghai, China. Samples from the affected animals were tested for viruses and bacteria that are known to cause similar symptoms in swine, and only porcine sapelovirus (PSV; designated as csh strain) was isolated. The presence of PSV was further confirmed by the specific cytopathic effects observed in susceptible cells and by the results of PCR and electron microscopy. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that this isolate is PSV. When inoculated into healthy pigs, PSV.csh caused the same symptoms as observed in the affected herd. Therefore, PSV.csh is the causative agent of this disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PSV infecting piglets in China.
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Sapeloviruses cause encephalitis in domestic pigs.
“Additionally, the fox picornaviruses found here are closely related to sapeloviruses that cause encephalitis in domestic pigs (Lan et al. 2011; Schock et al. 2014; Arruda et al. 2017).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Lan et al. 2011
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Porcine Sapelovirus Uses α2,3-Linked Sialic Acid on GD1a Ganglioside as a Receptor
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Karlsson, O., Larsson, J., Hayer, J., Berg, M., & Jacobson, M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151481 · Cited by 37
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“Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is confirmed to replicate in the gastrointestinal epithelia that causes acute diarrhea, pneumonia, and polioencephalomyelitis in swine (3).”
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Li, Y., Du, L., Jin, T., Cheng, Y., Zhang, X., Jiao, S., Huang, T., Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Gu, J.-Y., et al. (2019) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.017 · Cited by 29
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“The first documented PSV strain in China (csh) was identified in 2009 [11], and additional strains have been reported in recent years [3, 17].”
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“Moreover, VP1 genes of Korean PSVs were distinct from those of the other known PSVs detected in China, the UK and Germany.”
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Ibrahim, Y. M., Zhang, W.-L., Werid, G., Zhang, H., Feng, Y., Pan, Y.-L., Zhang, L., Li, C.-W., Lin, H., Chen, H.-Y., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14020349 · Cited by 17
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Chen, J., Chen, F., Zhou, Q.-F., Li, W., Chen, Y.-S., Song, Y.-H., Zhang, X.-B., Xue, C., Bi, Y.-Z., & Cao, Y.-C. (2014) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.003 · Cited by 17
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“The PSV-csh strain was first isolated from a case of severe gastroenteritis, respiratory distress, and polioencephalomyelitis in China.(10) Among the viruses included in family Caliciviridae are noroviruses and sapoviruses, such as porcine norovirus (NoV), which causes asymptomatic infection in adult pigs, and porcine…”
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Entry of sapelovirus into IPEC-J2 cells is dependent on caveolae-mediated endocytosis
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“Porcine sapelovirus has been detected in pigs with acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, reproductive failure, and/or polioencephalomyelitis (1), although PSV infection in swine can be asymptomatic (2).”
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Chelli, E., Sabato, L. D., Vaccari, G., Ostanello, F., & Bartolo, I. D. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10060966 · Cited by 12
“PSV has mainly been detected in the feces of clinically healthy animals in many countries, but it is important to remark that the presence of asymptomatic infections is a possible risk of the virus spreading among animals and that PSV could also be an agent of serious diseases such as polioencephalomyelitis [5].”
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Yang, T.-C., Li, R.-C., Peng, W., Ge, M., Luo, B., Qu, T.-L., & Yu, X.-L. (2017) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3264-x · Cited by 12
“In recent studies, PSV has been described as the causative agent of acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, and polioencephalomyelitis in pigs [4, 5].”
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“Porcine Sapelovirus 1 formally named Porcine Enterovirus 8 (PEV-8) and classified as a Porcine Enterovirus A (PEV A), Porcine Sapelovirus strain csh and Porcine Sapelovirus strain YC2011 are the three well acknowledged strains of PSV (Chen et al., 2012; Krumbholz et al., 2002; Lan et al., 2011) .”
BackgroundSelf-citationMolecular characterization of a porcine sapelovirus strain isolated in China
Li, N., Tao, J., Li, B.-Q., Cheng, J.-H., Shi, Y., Shi, X., & Liu, H.-L. (2021) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05153-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Lan, D.-L., Tang, C., Yue, H., Sun, H., Cui, L., Hua, X.-G., & Li, J. (2013) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1638-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“cause a multisystem disorder, including diarrhea, pneumonia, severe and mild neurological disorders and reproductive failure in pigs [30].”
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“Previous reports have shown that PSV can cause severe watery diarrhea, accompanied by polioencephalomyelitis syndrome (ataxia and leg paralysis) in piglets [4, 6, 10].”
InfluentialCharacterization of porcine sapelovirus prevalent in western Jiangxi, China
Yang, T.-C., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., Guo, M., Zhang, Z.-B., & Lin, A. (2021) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02979-7 · Cited by 9
“However, PSV infections are always subclinical or only involve a series mild symptoms, including spinal cord damage, inappetence, diarrhea and breathless [4, 5].”
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“PSV can be readily cultivated in pig kidney cells, including PK-15, IBRS2 and LLC-PK (Lan et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2016).”
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Virome Analysis for Identification of a Novel Porcine Sapelovirus Isolated in Western China
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“PSV was first isolated in China in 2009 (23).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDetection of porcine enteric picornaviruses from faecal samples of Indian pigs
Patel, S., Agrawal, A., Pathak, M., Singh, A. K., Varshney, R., Rana, J., & Saikumar, G. (2022) · VirusDisease · doi:10.1007/s13337-022-00756-0 · Cited by 8
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BackgroundLi, B., Shi, K.-C., Shi, Y., Feng, S.-P., Yin, Y.-W., Lu, W.-J., Long, F., Wei, Z.-Z., & Wei, Y.-Y. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15071008 · Cited by 7
“The detection results of clinical samples indicated that these viruses are widespread in Guangxi Province, southern China, and further experimental studies demonstrating their roles in the establishment of diarrhea in pigs would be interesting.”
Souza, F. G., Gularte, J. S., Demoliner, M., Lima, A. F., Siebert, J. C., Rigotto, C., Henzel, A., Eisen, A. K. A., & Spilki, F. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00197-w · Cited by 7
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“Several cell lines, such as IBRS-2, LLC-PK, EFN, BHK 21, and PK-15, which are derived from porcine kidney cells, are susceptible to PSV and shows unique type II cytopathic effect (CPE) in these cells [3, 10, 11].”
Porcine Sapelovirus 3Cpro Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon
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“In the animal experiments of Lan D et al., 60-day-old pigs were given 4 mL of PSV orally; diarrhea and respiratory distress occurred at 2 days PI, and polioencephalomyelitis, presenting as ataxia and leg paralysis, occurred at 7 days PI [2].”
InfluentialZhang, W.-J., Kataoka, M., Doan, H. Y., Wu, F.-T., Haga, K., Takeda, N., Muramatsu, M., & Li, T.-C. (2020) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.13655 · Cited by 4
Immunocytochemistry assay in BHK-21 cell line infected with Porcine Sapelovirus
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Seroprevalence, Genetic Characteristics, and Pathogenicity of Korean Porcine Sapeloviruses
Kim, S.-Y., Park, C.-K., Park, G., Choe, S., Jang, M.-K., Lee, Y.-H., Yun, S.-C., & An, D.-J. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17070870 · Cited by 2
“…2331 amino acids, which is cleaved by viral proteases to yield 12 mature proteins: a leader protein (L), four structural proteins (VP1– VP4) that form the viral capsid, and seven nonstructural proteins (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D) involved in viral replication and processing [9,10].”
InfluentialMalik, Y., Bhat, S., Vlasova, A., Wang, F.-I., Touil, N., Ghosh, S., Dhama, K., Yadav, M., & Singh, R. (2020) · Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_14 · Cited by 2
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Kumari, S., Saikumar, G., Desingu, P. A., das, T., & Singh, R. (2019) · Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry · doi:10.1080/15321819.2019.1675695 · Cited by 2
“PSV was identified as a causative agent of acute diarrhea, polioencephalomyelitis and respiratory distress in an outbreak of gastroenteritis in pigs in Shanghai, China in 2009([2]), and also as the cause of an encephalomyelitis outbreak in 2008–2009 in the United Kingdom.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhong, Z.-C., Li, B.-Q., Tao, J., Cheng, J.-H., Shi, Y., Tang, P., Jiao, J.-J., & Liu, H.-L. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46090583 · Cited by 1
“To date, porcine PSV has been found in China [2], Brazil [3], South Korea [4], the United States [5], France [6] and India [7].”
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“PSV, which belongs to the genus Sapelovirus in the family Picornaviridae , causes acute diarrhea, pneumonia, reproductive disorders, and polioencephalomyelitis in swine (3–5).”
Red fox viromes across an urban-rural gradientPreprint
Campbell, S. J., Ashley, W., Gil-Fernández, M., Newsome, T., Giallonardo, F. D., Ortiz-Baez, A., Mahar, J., Towerton, A. L., Gillings, M., Holmes, E., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153858 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Proteome Analysis Reveals Syndecan 1 Regulates Porcine Sapelovirus Replication
Zhao, T., Cui, L., Yu, X., Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., & Hua, X.-G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21124386 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The PSV strain csh was isolated and preserved by our laboratory [4].”
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“From PubMed, we retrieved 12 papers [16,17,19–28], all of which were included in the analysis.”
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(2022) · CABI Compendium · doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.122685
(2022) · CABI Compendium · doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.122684
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Pathogenicity of porcine sapelovirus infection in mice
Kumari, S., Ray, P., Singh, R., & Saikumar, G. (2019) · Indian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijans.v89i2.87322
“Previous studies have indicated that PSV can cause pneumoenteritis, polioencephalomyelitis and reproductive disorders in pigs (Lan et al. 2011, Schock et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhao, T.-T., Cui, L., Chen, L., Li, J.-J., Liang, Q.-L., Wu, P.-J., Yu, X.-Q., Zhang, Z.-H., & Hua, X.-G. (2018) · Polish journal of veterinary sciences · doi:10.24425/124292
“PCR amplification and construction of expression plasmid The SV-A csh strain was isolated in 2011 from PCR-positive fecal samples of pigs on a pig farm and preserved by our laboratory (Lan et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Lan, D., Ji, W., Yang, S., Cui, L., Yang, Z., Yuan, C., & Hua, X.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Hua, Xiuguo
- Venue
- Archives of Virology
- Published
- 2011-05-27
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1567-1574
- ISSN
- 0003-9012 (ISSN-L)
- 0304-8608
- 1432-8798
- OpenAlex
- W1989263318
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary medicine and infectious diseases
- Keywords
- porcine sapelovirus, respiratory distress, polioencephalomyelitis, piglets, virus isolation, first report in China, phylogenetic analysis, cytopathic effect
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, China, Intestines, Lung, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae, Picornaviridae Infections, Swine, Swine Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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