Investigation into an Outbreak of Encephalomyelitis Caused by a Neuroinvasive Porcine Sapelovirus in the United Kingdom
Abstract
An outbreak of neurological disease in grower pigs characterised by ataxia and paraparesis was investigated in this study. The outbreak occurred 3-4 weeks post weaning in grower pigs which displayed signs of spinal cord damage progressing to recumbency. Pathology in the affected spinal cords and to a lesser extent in the brainstem was characterised by pronounced inflammation and neuronophagia in the grey matter. Molecular investigation using a pan-virus microarray identified a virus related to porcine sapelovirus (PSV) in the spinal cord of the two affected pigs examined. Analysis of 802 nucleotides of the virus polymerase gene showed the highest homology with those of viruses in the genus Sapelovirus of Picornaviridae. This PSV, strain G5, shared 91-93%, 67-69% and 63% nucleotide homology with porcine, simian and avian sapeloviruses, respectively. The nucleotide homology to other members of the Picornaviridae ranged from 41% to 62%. Furthermore, viral antigen was detected and co-localised in the spinal cord lesions of affected animals by an antibody known to react with PSV. In conclusion, clinical and laboratory observations of the diseased pigs in this outbreak are consistent with PSV-G5 being the causative agent. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first unequivocal report of polioencephalomyelitis in pigs by a neuroinvasive PSV in the United Kingdom.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sapeloviruses cause encephalitis in domestic pigs.
“Additionally, the fox picornaviruses found here are closely related to sapeloviruses that cause encephalitis in domestic pigs (Lan et al. 2011; Schock et al. 2014; Arruda et al. 2017).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Schock et al. 2014
Cites
Isolation and Characterization of the First Chinese Porcine Sapelovirus Strain
Lan, D., Ji, W., Yang, S., Cui, L., Yang, Z., Yuan, C., & Hua, X. (2011) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-011-1035-7 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Arruda, P. H. E., Arruda, B. L., Schwartz, K. J., Vannucci, F., Resende, T., Rovira, A., Sundberg, P., Nietfeld, J., & Hause, B. M. (2017) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12621 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Although its pathogenic potential in swine has not been completely elucidated, PSV has been detected in pigs with neurologic disease in the United Kingdom (Schock et al., 2014).”
Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes
Campbell, S. J., Ashley, W., Gil-Fernandez, M., Newsome, T. M., Di Giallonardo, F., Ortiz-Baez, A. S., Mahar, J. E., Towerton, A. L., Gillings, M., Holmes, E. C., et al. (2020) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veaa065 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Porcine Sapelovirus Uses α2,3-Linked Sialic Acid on GD1a Ganglioside as a Receptor
Kim, D.-S., Son, K.-Y., Koo, K.-M., Kim, J.-Y., Alfajaro, M. M., Park, J.-G., Hosmillo, M., Soliman, M., Baek, Y.-B., Cho, E.-H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02449-15 · Cited by 41
Pathogenesis of Korean Sapelovirus A in piglets and chicks
Kim, D.-S., Kang, M.-I., Son, K.-Y., Bak, G.-Y., Park, J.-G., Hosmillo, M., Seo, J., Kim, J.-Y., Alfajaro, M. M., Soliman, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000571 · Cited by 38
“The English SV-A study used adult pigs (Schock et al., 2014), whereas this study used neonatal piglets.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPostweaning mortality in commercial swine production II: review of infectious contributing factors
Gebhardt, J., Tokach, M., Dritz, S., DeRouchey, J., Woodworth, J., Goodband, R., & Henry, S. (2020) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txaa052 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Madson, D., Arruda, P. H. E., & Arruda, B. (2019) · Diseases of Swine · doi:10.1002/9781119350927.ch19 · Cited by 35
Characterization and epidemiological survey of porcine sapelovirus in China.
Li, Y., Du, L., Jin, T., Cheng, Y., Zhang, X., Jiao, S., Huang, T., Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Gu, J.-Y., et al. (2019) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.017 · Cited by 29
Porcine sapelovirus among diarrhoeic piglets in India.
Ray, P., Desingu, P. A., Kumari, S., John, J., Sethi, M., Sharma, G., Pattnaik, B., Singh, R., & Saikumar, G. (2018) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12628 · Cited by 29
Characterization of porcine sapelovirus isolated from Japanese swine with PLC/PRF/5 cells
Bai, H., Liu, J., Fang, L., Kataoka, M., Takeda, N., Wakita, T., & Li, T.-C. (2018) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12796 · Cited by 28
“The Jpsv1315 was treated at 56, 60, 65 or 70°C for 5 or AF296088/PEV3 AF231769/PEV1 AF296092/PEV7 AF296090/PEV566 AF296093/PEV11 AF296087/PEV2 AF296091/PEV6 AF296089/PEV4 99 98 90 100 89 KX574284 (USA) KJ821021 (Korea) KX453743 (China) LC326555-Jpsv1315 LC326556-Jpsv477100 78 100 KY053835(India) AF406813/ PEV-8/V13 (U…”
BackgroundInfluentialVilar, M., Peralta, B., García-Bocanegra, I., Simon-Grifé, M., Bensaid, A., Casal, J., Segalés, J., & Pina-Pedrero, S. (2016) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.019 · Cited by 28
Boros, Á., László, Z., Pankovics, P., Marosi, A., Albert, M., Cságola, A., Bíró, H., Fahsbender, E., Delwart, E., & Reuter, G. (2020) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001410 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore the presence of neurotropic PSVs infecting various parts of the brain and the spinal cord had been also recently reported [11, 12].”
BackgroundMolecular characterization of Porcine sapelovirus in Hunan, China.
Yang, T.-C., Yu, X.-L., Yan, M.-J., Luo, B., Li, R.-C., Qu, T.-L., Luo, Z., Ge, M., & Zhao, D. (2017) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000951 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Recent cases of PSV infections have been associated with atypical neurological symptoms, including spinal cord damage, inappetence, compromised ambulation, ataxia, incoordination, mental dullness, paresis, paralysis and a decreased response to environmental stimuli [9, 10].”
BackgroundVreman, S., Caliskan, N., Harders, F., Boonstra, J., Peperkamp, K., Ho, C. K. Y., Kuller, W., & Kortekaas, J. (2020) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-020-2275-0 · Cited by 20
Kumari, S., Ray, P., Singh, R., Desingu, P. A., Varshney, R., & Saikumar, G. (2019) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.006 · Cited by 20
Carnero, J., Prieto, C., Polledo, L., & Martínez-Lobo, F. (2018) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12762 · Cited by 20
Capai, L., Piorkowski, G., Maestrini, O., Casabianca, F., Masse, S., de Lamballerie, X. D., Charrel, R., & Falchi, A. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260161 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Genetic and Biological Diversity of Porcine Sapeloviruses Prevailing in Zambia
Harima, H., Kajihara, M., Simulundu, E., Bwalya, E. C., Qiu, Y., Isono, M., Okuya, K., González, G., Yamagishi, J., Hang'ombe, B., et al. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12020180 · Cited by 18
“Indeed, lethal PSV infections of 3- to 12-week-old pigs with nervous disorders, gastroenteritis, and respiratory diseases were reported in the USA, UK, and China [4,6,18].”
BackgroundIsolation, Characterization, and Molecular Detection of Porcine Sapelovirus
Ibrahim, Y. M., Zhang, W.-L., Werid, G., Zhang, H., Feng, Y., Pan, Y.-L., Zhang, L., Li, C.-W., Lin, H., Chen, H.-Y., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14020349 · Cited by 17
“Previous studies have recorded lethal PSV infections in pigs aged 3 to 12 weeks with neurological problems, diarrhea, and respiratory ailments [7,10,11].”
BackgroundComplete genomic analysis and molecular characterization of Japanese porcine sapeloviruses
Sunaga, F., Masuda, T., Ito, M., Akagami, M., Naoi, Y., Sano, K., Katayama, Y., Omatsu, T., Oba, M., Sakaguchi, S., et al. (2019) · Virus genes · doi:10.1007/s11262-019-01640-8 · Cited by 16
Bak, G.-Y., Kang, M.-I., Son, K.-Y., Park, J.-G., Kim, D.-S., Seo, J., Kim, J.-Y., Alfajaro, M. M., Soliman, M., Baek, Y.-B., et al. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.16-0237 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“and symptomatic infection in the field and experimental pigs [2, 3, 9, 10].”
BackgroundStäubli, T., Rickli, C. I., Torgerson, P., Fraefel, C., & Lechmann, J. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/10406387211025827 · Cited by 15
Bhatta, T., Chamings, A., & Alexandersen, S. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13081608 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Li, Z., Li, Z.-R., Zhu, P.-Y., Zhang, Z., & Song, J.-L. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15081747 · Cited by 13
“EV-G is a member of the family Picornaviridae, and some of the viruses of this family can infect the central nervous system (CNS) of pigs, such as porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) [46], porcine teschovirus (PTV) [47], and porcine sapelovirus (PSV) [48].”
BackgroundStamelou, E., Giantsis, I. A., Papageorgiou, K., Petridou, E., Davidson, I., Polizopoulou, Z., Papa, A., & Kritas, S. (2022) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-021-00245-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Detection and Characterization of Porcine Sapelovirus in Italian Pig Farms
Chelli, E., Sabato, L. D., Vaccari, G., Ostanello, F., & Bartolo, I. D. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10060966 · Cited by 12
Novel Picornavirus in Lambs with Severe Encephalomyelitis
Forth, L. F., Scholes, S., Pesavento, P., Jackson, K. A., Mackintosh, A., Carson, A., Howie, F., Schlottau, K., Wernike, K., Pohlmann, A., et al. (2019) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2505.181573 · Cited by 12
Self-citationFirst isolation and genetic characteristics of porcine sapeloviruses in Hunan, China
Yang, T.-C., Li, R.-C., Peng, W., Ge, M., Luo, B., Qu, T.-L., & Yu, X.-L. (2017) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3264-x · Cited by 12
“In recent studies, PSV has been described as the causative agent of acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, and polioencephalomyelitis in pigs [4, 5].”
BackgroundMolecular characterization of a porcine sapelovirus strain isolated in China
Li, N., Tao, J., Li, B.-Q., Cheng, J.-H., Shi, Y., Shi, X., & Liu, H.-L. (2021) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05153-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Piorkowski, G., Capai, L., Falchi, A., Casabianca, F., Maestrini, O., Gallian, P., Barthélémy, K., Py, O., Charrel, R., & de Lamballerie, X. D. (2018) · Microbiology Resource Announcements · doi:10.1128/mra.01049-18 · Cited by 11
“The virus has been detected worldwide in Asia (China [2], India [1], and South Korea [4, 5]), the Americas (United States [6, 7] and Brazil [8]), and Europe (Germany, United Kingdom [9], and Spain [10]).”
BackgroundChen, Q.-Y., Sun, Z.-H., Che, Y.-L., Chen, R.-J., Wu, X.-M., Wu, R., Wang, L.-B., & Zhou, L.-J. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15081751 · Cited by 9
“The affected pigs maintained normal mentation throughout this period, and eventually died within a few days [14].”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, Y.-F., Li, Q.-Q., Si, L.-L., Gao, J., Yuan, J., Xia, L., & Hu, H. (2023) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1155/2023/9943040 · Cited by 9
“Previous reports have shown that PSV can cause severe watery diarrhea, accompanied by polioencephalomyelitis syndrome (ataxia and leg paralysis) in piglets [4, 6, 10].”
InfluentialZhao, T., Cui, L., Yu, X., Zhang, Z., Shen, X., & Hua, X.-G. (2019) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Over the past decade, numerous outbreaks and high prevalence have occurred throughout the world (Schock et al., 2014; Son et al., 2014; Arruda et al., 2017) , causing high morbidity and case fatality rate in the USA (Arruda et al., 2017) .”
BackgroundHao, C., Ren, H.-J., Wu, X.-Y., Shu, X., Li, Z., Hu, Y.-T., Zeng, Q., Zhang, Y.-C., Zu, S.-P., Yuan, J., et al. (2022) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109593 · Cited by 8
Virome Analysis for Identification of a Novel Porcine Sapelovirus Isolated in Western China
Chen, J., Suo, X., Cao, L.-Y., Yuan, C., Shi, L., Duan, Y.-Y., Zheng, H.-X., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Microbiology spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01801-22 · Cited by 8
“Therefore, it is associated with various kinds of disorders, including respiratory distress, reproductive failure, polioencephalomyelitis, and most importantly, diarrhea (5, 27, 28).”
BackgroundKumari, S., Ray, P., Singh, R., Desingu, P. A., Sharma, G., & Saikumar, G. (2018) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2018.1549561 · Cited by 8
“Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is identified as a causative agent of acute diarrhoea, respiratory distress, and polioencephalomyelitis in China and cause of encephalomyelitis in the United Kingdom.1,2 Sapelovirus is a new genus in the family Picornaviridae.”
BackgroundKumari, S., Singh, R., & Saikumar, G. (2018) · Biological rhythm research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2018.1557838 · Cited by 7
Kaur, R., Maan, S., Batra, K., Singh, N., Chahal, N., & Kumar, A. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-023-09123-8 · Cited by 6
Porcine Sapelovirus 3Cpro Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon
Yin, M., Wen, W., Wang, H., Zhao, Q.-Q., Zhu, H.-C., Chen, H.-C., Li, X.-M., & Qian, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.852473 · Cited by 6
Siepker, C. L., Dalton, M. F., McHale, B., Sakamoto, K., & Rissi, D. (2020) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638719898687 · Cited by 5
“Based on routine histology, other differential diagnoses should be considered in case rabies could not be confirmed, including porcine teschovirus, encephalomyocarditis virus, pseudorabies virus (Suid alphaherpesvirus 1), West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus…”
BackgroundDawson, K. L. D., Seuberlich, T., & Pesavento, P. A. (2025) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1177/03009858251334347 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhu, P.-Y., Li, Z.-H., Li, Z.-R., Meng, L., Liu, P., Sun, X.-T., Yang, Q., & Song, J.-L. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17040505 · Cited by 4
“In 2014, Schock et al. reported an outbreak of encephalomyelitis in 3-to 4-week-old piglets caused by PSV infection in the United States [15].”
A novel enterovirus in lambs with poliomyelitis and brain stem encephalitis
Weissenböck, H., Ebinger, A., Gager, A., Thaller, D., Höper, D., Lichtmannsperger, K., Weissenbacher-Lang, C., Matt, J., & Beer, M. (2021) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.14412 · Cited by 4
“…species (Blomström et al., 2010; Matias Ferreyra et al., 2020; Pfaff et al., 2017; Selimovic-Hamza et al., 2017), followed by sapeloviruses in pigs (Schock et al., 2014) and picornaviruses in sheep (Forth et al., 2019), as well as the probable association of bovine polyomavirus with encephalitis…”
BackgroundZhang, W.-J., Kataoka, M., Doan, H. Y., Wu, F.-T., Haga, K., Takeda, N., Muramatsu, M., & Li, T.-C. (2020) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.13655 · Cited by 4
Immunocytochemistry assay in BHK-21 cell line infected with Porcine Sapelovirus
Kumari, S., Singh, R., Desingu, P. A., Ray, P., Sharma, G., & Saikumar, G. (2019) · Cytotechnology (Dordrecht) · doi:10.1007/s10616-019-00315-4 · Cited by 4
Alexandersen, S., Knowles, N. J., Belsham, G. J., Dekker, A., Nfon, C. K., Zhang, Z., & Koenen, F. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119350927.ch40 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Schyns, M., van den Braak, R., Peijnenborg, J., Coppens, S., Deijs, M., Burggraaff, M. G., Kuller, W. I., Theuns, S., van der Hoek, L., & de Groof, A. (2025) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-025-00446-5 · Cited by 2
“The same may be true for Porcine Sapelovirus where maternally derived antibodies may initially have provided protection [45, 46].”
Seroprevalence, Genetic Characteristics, and Pathogenicity of Korean Porcine Sapeloviruses
Kim, S.-Y., Park, C.-K., Park, G., Choe, S., Jang, M.-K., Lee, Y.-H., Yun, S.-C., & An, D.-J. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17070870 · Cited by 2
“Previous studies have reported that PSV causes diarrhea in piglets [9,22,49] and neurological symptoms in fattening pigs [10,11,13], but the results of this study suggest that the PSV/Goryeong/KR-2019 strain has low pathogenicity in suckling and growing pigs.”
InfluentialMalik, Y., Bhat, S., Vlasova, A., Wang, F.-I., Touil, N., Ghosh, S., Dhama, K., Yadav, M., & Singh, R. (2020) · Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_14 · Cited by 2
Immunohistochemical detection of naturally occurring porcine Sapelovirus infection in Indian pigs
Kumari, S., Saikumar, G., Desingu, P. A., das, T., & Singh, R. (2019) · Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry · doi:10.1080/15321819.2019.1675695 · Cited by 2
“© 2019 Taylor & Francis encephalomyelitis in the United Kingdom.”
BackgroundInfluentialGenomics, animal models, and emerging diseases: relevance to One Health and food security.
Harding, J. (2015) · Genome · doi:10.1139/gen-2015-0148 · Cited by 2
Chen, J., Lin, S., Tang, J., Gao, M.-L., Liu, Q.-Z., Du, J.-W., Tan, C., Gong, Z., Liang, L., Zhu, T., et al. (2026) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03817-25 · Cited by 1
Mizuno, S., Ishida, H., Konno, R., Teshima, N., Yokota, T., Khin, S. T. M. M., Takemae, H., Oi, T., Fukuda, F., Masuda, T., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-45835-0 · Cited by 1
Zhong, Z.-C., Li, B.-Q., Tao, J., Cheng, J.-H., Shi, Y., Tang, P., Jiao, J.-J., & Liu, H.-L. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46090583 · Cited by 1
[Hind limb paralysis in fattening pigs due to a new strain of porcine Teschovirus A11].
Stadler, J., Junker, S., Gründl, J., Fröhlich, S., Beisl, M., Zöls, S., Ritzmann, M., Eddicks, M., Palzer, A., Sehl, J., et al. (2022) · Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere · doi:10.1055/a-1729-3677 · Cited by 1
Zhang, W.-J., Kataoka, M., Doan, H. Y., Wu, F.-T., Takeda, N., Muramatsu, M., & Li, T.-C. (2021) · Japanese journal of infectious diseases (Print) · doi:10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.100 · Cited by 1
Red fox viromes across an urban-rural gradientPreprint
Campbell, S. J., Ashley, W., Gil-Fernández, M., Newsome, T., Giallonardo, F. D., Ortiz-Baez, A., Mahar, J., Towerton, A. L., Gillings, M., Holmes, E., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153858 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Disease surveillance in England and Wales, July 2017
(2017) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.j3660 · Cited by 1
Li, X., Ma, X., Wang, X.-Y., Li, Q., Yuan, Q., Wang, J.-H., Bai, H., Liu, Y., & Zhao, F. (2026) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2026.2697085
“PSV is primarily transmitted via the fecal–oral route and has been associated with multisystemic clinical manifestations in swine, including diarrhea, pneumonia, encephalomyelitis, and reproductive disorders [2–9].”
Shi, J., Wang, S., Liu, C., Ying, Y., Wang, Y., Song, X.-F., Wei, L., Zhang, G.-Z., Xu, S., Zhou, S., et al. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16131968
Teschen disease outbreak in nursery piglets in Southwestern Brazil
Rosa, A. B. D., Pospieka, J. P., Sato, J. P. H., de Almeida, P. R., Spilki, F. R., Guedes, R. M. C., & Takeuti, K. L. (2026) · Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.019016
“Other authors (12) have suggested that the involvement of the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord, associated with marked gliosis and the presence of spheroids, is indicative of severe motor dysfunction.”
Virome of post-weaned diarrhoeic pigs and healthy cohorts in England
Dastjerdi, A., Davies, H., AbuOun, M., Navickaite, I., Karuna, S., Nevel, M., Comin, A., & Williamson, S. (2026) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-026-03152-y
“There are no licensed vaccines in the UK for these pathogens, and they are only occasionally diagnosed as the cause of disease in pigs in England ([42]; APHA [43]).”
Self-citationDisease surveillance in England and Wales, February 2022.
(2022) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1002/vetr.1550
László, Z., Pankovics, P., Reuter, G., Cságola, A., Bodó, K., Gáspár, G., Albert, M., Bíró, H., & Boros, Á. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14030513
“, PTV-2, -3, -11, -13) [4,6,7] and PSV [1,3] are detected in various organs/samples (including CNS) from pigs showing CNS-related symptoms (paraplegia, paralysis, paresis and ataxia) with a high mortality rate.”
Background(2022) · CABI Compendium · doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.122685
(2022) · CABI Compendium · doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.122684
Zhu, H.-C., Li, X.-X., Xiong, J., Li, X.-M., Chen, H.-C., & Qian, P. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-16445/v1
“PSV has been reported to be associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to clinical signs (including diarrhoea, polioencephalomyelitis, pneumonia, and reproductive disorders), and its infection in swine is most frequently asymptomatic and mainly transmits by a faecal-oral route[15,…”
BackgroundDisease surveillance in England and Wales, October 2019
(2019) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.l6297
Pathogenicity of porcine sapelovirus infection in mice
Kumari, S., Ray, P., Singh, R., & Saikumar, G. (2019) · Indian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijans.v89i2.87322
“Previous studies have indicated that PSV can cause pneumoenteritis, polioencephalomyelitis and reproductive disorders in pigs (Lan et al. 2011, Schock et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhao, T.-T., Cui, L., Chen, L., Li, J.-J., Liang, Q.-L., Wu, P.-J., Yu, X.-Q., Zhang, Z.-H., & Hua, X.-G. (2018) · Polish journal of veterinary sciences · doi:10.24425/124292
“The prevalence of SV-A in infected pigs has been reported in many countries, including Spain (Cano-Gómez et al. 2013), the United Kingdom (Schock et al. 2014), Brazil (Donin et al. 2014) and Korea (Son et al. 2014b).”
BackgroundVeterinary Risk Group: points for information analysis 2016
(2017) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.j4971
- Authors
- Schock, A., Gurrala, R., Fuller, H., Foyle, L., Dauber, M., Martelli, F., Scholes, S., Roberts, L., Steinbach, F., & Dastjerdi, A.
- Affiliations
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (GB)
- James Cook University (AU)
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (DE)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dastjerdi, Akbar
- Venue
- Veterinary Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 172
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 381-389
- ISSN
- 0378-1135 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1971985954
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, United Kingdom
- European Epizone
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- porcine sapelovirus, polioencephalomyelitis, ataxia, paraparesis, spinal cord lesions, neuronophagia, picornavirus, nucleotide sequence homology, growing pigs, United Kingdom
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Encephalomyelitis, United Kingdom, Picornaviridae, Picornaviridae Infections, Spinal Cord, Swine, Swine Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
