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Mother–infant bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum: the primacy of psychopathology in women with childhood abuse and neglect histories
Open accessAbstract
Our goal was to examine the trajectory of bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum in the context of maternal risk, including maternal history of childhood abuse and neglect and postpartum psychopathology, and to test the association between self-reported bonding impairment and observed positive parenting behaviors. In a sample of women with childhood abuse and neglect histories (CA+, n = 97) and a healthy control comparison group (CA-, n = 53), participants completed questionnaires related to bonding with their infants at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 6 months postpartum and psychopathology at 6 months postpartum. In addition, during a 6-month postpartum home visit, mothers and infants participated in a dyadic play interaction subsequently coded for positive parenting behaviors by blinded coders. We found that all women, independent of risk status, increased in bonding with their infant over the first 6 months postpartum; however, women with postpartum psychopathology (depression and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) showed consistently greater bonding impairment scores at all timepoints. Moreover, we found that, at the 6-month assessment, bonding impairment and observed parenting behaviors were significantly associated. These results highlight the adverse effects of maternal postpartum depression and PTSD on mother-infant bonding in early postpartum in women with child abuse and neglect histories. These findings also shed light on the critical need for early detection and effective treatment of postpartum mental illness in order to prevent problematic parenting and the development of disturbed mother-infant relationships. Results support the use of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire as a tool to assess parenting quality by its demonstrated association with observed parenting behaviors.
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“depressed women showed consistently greater impairment in bonding scores at all time points than nondepressed mothers.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 292
Tan, H. S., Tan, C. W., Sultana, R., Chen, H. Y., Chua, T., Rahman, N., Gandhi, M., Sia, A. T. H., & Sng, B. L. (2023) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.16178 · Cited by 21
“Postpartum depression often goes undiagnosed and untreated, resulting in maternal hostility, reduced responsiveness to infants ’ needs, disrupted maternal – infant bonding and breastfeeding dif fi culties [4 – 8].”
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“Postpartum depression has serious effects on mother–baby bonding, infant care, infant growth and development and maternal and family health (Grote et al., 2010; Horowitz et al., 2013; Muzik et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTrauma and traumatic stress in a sample of pregnant women
Gelaye, B., Zhong, Q., Basu, A., Levey, E. J., Rondón, M. B., Sánchez, S. E., Koenen, K. C., Henderson, D. C., & Williams, M. A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.016 · Cited by 25
“…weight,(Meltzer-Brody and Thorp, 2011, Rosen et al., 2007, Seng et al., 2011a), fetal loss (Garcia-Moreno, 2009) increased vulnerability to psychopathology, (Meltzer-Brody and Thorp, 2011) poor maternal-infant bonding, (Muzik et al., 2013) and both infant sleep and behavioral problems at 18 months.”
BackgroundNaghibi, S., Barzegari, A., Shariatzadeh, M., Vatandoust, M., Ahmadi, M., Mahdinia, E., Neghabi, F., Rajabpour, A., Aleahmad, A. S., Balaghati, F. S., et al. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147880 · Cited by 20
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“Overall, our maternal depression and poor MIB findings echo those found by various researchers cross-sectionally [5, 10, 16], and longitudinally [11, 12, 72], and indicate the important role of depression in the sequelae of bonding problems.”
BackgroundResultBeato, A. F., Albuquerque, S., Akik, B. K., da Costa, L. P., & Salvador, Á. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858356 · Cited by 19
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Prevalence and Predictors of Breastfeeding After Childhood Abuse
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“This kind of negative framing of the infant or the maternal–infant relationship has been associated with changes in maternal–infant relationships (Muzik et al., 2013).”
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McGinnis, E. W., Bocknek, E. L., Beeghly, M., Rosenblum, K. L., & Muzik, M. (2014) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12065 · Cited by 18
“…Anxiety during the Childbearing Years (MACY), which evaluates the impact of mothers’ childhood maltreatment exposure on their postpartum mental health, parenting quality, and their children’s socio-emotional development from 6 weeks to 18 months postpartum (see Muzik et al., 2013 for more details).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDikmen‐Yildiz, P., Ayers, S., & Phillips, L. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1306414 · Cited by 19
“…(Vossbeck-Elsebusch et al., 2014; Wenzel, Haugen, Jackson, & Brendle, 2005) and 0 – 43% in high-risk samples including women with preterm birth (Shaw et al., 2014), emergency caesarean section (Ryding, Wijma, & Wijma, 1997) and history of physical/sexual or childhood abuse (Muzik et al., 2013).”
Johnson, A. M., Menke, R. A., Handelzalts, J. E., Green, K., & Muzik, M. (2021) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2020.0304 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCreech, S. K., Kroll‐Desrosiers, A., Benzer, J. K., Pulverman, C. S., & Mattocks, K. M. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23218 · Cited by 17
“Unfortunately, maternal exposure to trauma and resulting psychopathology appear to disrupt early mother-infant bonding (Murray et al., 2020; Muzik et al., 2013).”
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“During pregnancy and the transition to parenthood, CM survivors are at heightened risk of PTSS (Muzik et al., 2013; Martinez-Torteya et al., 2014; Stacks et al., 2014; Choi et al., 2015; Christie et al., 2017).”
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Emotional Rejection of the Infant: Status of the Concept
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Self-citationSmithBattle, L., Chantamit‐o‐pas, C., Freed, P., McLaughlin, D., & Schneider, J. K. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12172 · Cited by 16
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“…has the most negative effect on a child’s development (Allen, 2011; Glaser, 2011; Iwaniec, Larkin, & Higgins, 2006), and is that form of abuse most likely to influence one’s own parenting in a variety of negative ways (Banyard, Williams, & Siegel, 2003; Muzik et al., 2013; Steele et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDissociation Links Maternal History Of Childhood Abuse To Impaired parenting
Williams, K., Möhler, E., Kaess, M., Resch, F., & Fuchs, A. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1934938 · Cited by 16
“None of the described mediation studies combined self-report with behavioral observation or addressed other parenting variables, such as parental bonding and parental stress, both related to observed impaired parenting behavior (Muzik et al., 2013; Pereira et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChoi, K. W., Denckla, C. A., Hoffman, N., Budree, S., Goddard, L., Zar, H. J., Stern, M., & Stein, D. J. (2022) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-022-03417-2 · Cited by 16
A Trauma-informed Approach to Postpartum Care
White, A., Saxer, K., Raja, S., & HALL, S. L. (2022) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000730 · Cited by 17
“17 The impact of perinatal trauma can extend to other family members as well.”
Inoue, C., Hashimoto, Y., & Ohira, M. (2021) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12837 · Cited by 19
Erten, Ö., Bıyık, İ., Soysal, C., İnce, O., Keskın, N., & Taşçı, Y. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04580-8 · Cited by 16
Abuse survivor perspectives on trauma inquiry in obstetrical practice
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Handelzalts, J. E., Hairston, I. S., Levy, S., Orkaby, N., Krissi, H., & Peled, Y. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.039 · Cited by 15
Chau, V., Dryer, R., & Brunton, R. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106439 · Cited by 15
“However, studies have found similarities between self-report measures of MIB and actual parenting behaviors, suggesting some validity to the use of self-report measures of MIB (Martinez-Torteya et al., 2014; Muzik et al., 2012).”
ResultMenke, R. A., Swanson, L. M., Erickson, N. L., Raglan, G. B., Thompson, S., Bullard, K. H., Rosenblum, K. L., Lopez, J. P., & Muzik, M. (2018) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-018-0914-2 · Cited by 19
Self-citationVanwalleghem, S., Miljkovitch, R., Sirparanta, A., Toléon, C., Leclercq, S., & Deborde, A.-S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20126155 · Cited by 18
“It is thought to develop during pregnancy or immediately after birth [18], and to evolve over the first months of the infant’s life [19].”
BackgroundChildhood Maltreatment History, Posttraumatic Relational Sequelae, and Prenatal Care Utilization
Bell, S. A., & Seng, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12223 · Cited by 14
“Decrements in neonatal and subsequent neuro-development child outcomes also have been found in prospective studies when mothers had been affected by PTSD (Muzik et al., 2012).”
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Yu, M., & Sampson, M. (2016) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2016.1160337 · Cited by 14
“PND is linked to negative outcomes such as increased risk of preterm birth (Accortt & Schetter, 2014), compromised maternal– infant bonding (Muzik et al., 2013), less responsiveness to child from mother, internalizing and externalizing negative behaviors for children beginning at age 3 years and up…”
BackgroundBrenner, I., Ginzburg, K., Golan, A., Igawa, M. S., Lurie, I., Reicher, Y., Talmon, A., Tomashev, R., & Padoa, A. (2023) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-023-01379-0 · Cited by 13
“…and P-PTSD may also influence adjustment to motherhood, as PTSD symptoms may be associated with reduced maternal self-efficacy, impaired mother–child dyad interactions and impairments in mother–infant bonding (Garthus-Niegel et al. 2017; Martini et al. 2022; Muzik et al. 2013; Sexton et al. 2015).”
Takubo, Y., Nemoto, T., Obata, Y., Baba, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Katagiri, N., Tsujino, N., Kitamura, T., & Mizuno, M. (2019) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2019/9157214 · Cited by 17
The Price of Pre-adolescent Abuse: Effects of Sexual Abuse on Perinatal Depression and Anxiety
Akinbode, T. D., Pedersen, C. A., & Lara-Cinisomo, S. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-03088-x · Cited by 13
“Others have found that sexual abuse is associated with compromised parenting and bonding (Fortuna et al. 2019; Lara-Cinisomo et al. 2018; Muzik et al. 2013; Techakasem and Kolkijkovin 2001).”
BackgroundMaternal Childhood Sexual Trauma and Early Parenting: Prenatal and Postnatal Associations
Zvara, B. J., Meltzer‐Brody, S., Mills‐Koonce, W. R., Cox, M., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1991 · Cited by 14
“Emerging evidence from a range of disciplines has identified posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a core manifestation of childhood trauma because of the high frequency with which this disorder and related symptoms appear in sexually abused children and adult victims of childhood trauma (Kaplow, Dodge, Amaya-Jackso…”
BackgroundTrauma-Informed Maternity Care
Gerber, M. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04342-1_8 · Cited by 14
Çinakli, Ş., & Arslantaş, H. (2021) · Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal · doi:10.17826/cumj.866183 · Cited by 12
The Role of Childhood Trauma on Prenatal Attachment
İlkin Seda, C. A. N., Çiçek, A. U., Yılmaz, Y., & Sahin, A. E. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001610 · Cited by 17
Childhood Maltreatment and Motherhood: Implications for Maternal Well-Being and Mothering
Morelen, D. M., Rosenblum, K. L., & Muzik, M. (2017) · Integrating psychiatry and primary care · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65724-0_2 · Cited by 12
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Exploratory study of bed‐sharing and maternal‐infant bonding
Mitchell, E. A., Hutchison, B. L., Thompson, J., & Wouldes, T. A. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12833 · Cited by 15
Irwin, J. L., Beeghly, M., Rosenblum, K. L., & Muzik, M. (2016) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0653-1 · Cited by 12
“Although links between posttraumatic stress and quality of life are somewhat inconsistent, diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alone or comorbid with depression, is associated with impairedmother-child bonding (Muzik et al. 2013; Seng et al. 2013) and decreased levels of parenting satisfaction (Berz et al.”
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Berthelot, N., Garon‐Bissonnette, J., Muzik, M., Simon, V. A., Menke, R. A., Stacks, A. M., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942400110x · Cited by 15
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Self-citationFactors associated with postnatally maternal-infant attachment in taif, Saudi Arabia
Alzahrani, A. A., Abbas, S., Turkistani, M. H., Al-Gamdi, A., Alzahrani, S., & Helmy, F. (2018) · Saudi Journal for Health Sciences · doi:10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_50_18 · Cited by 11
Emotional neglect and parents’ adverse childhood events
Ylitervo, L., Veijola, J. M., & Halt, A. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2420 · Cited by 10
“found that mothers with PTSD have a higher risk for impaired bonding with their children [13].”
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Nguyen, C. H., Salazar, M. G., & Rincón‐Cortés, M. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105720 · Cited by 10
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Paternal bonding is influenced by prenatal paternal depression and trait-anxiety
Trautmann‐Villalba, P., Dávidová, P., Kalok, M., Essel, C., Ahmed, F. B., Kingeter, Y., Leutritz, A. L., Reif, A., Bahlmann, F., & Kittel‐Schneider, S. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2223608 · Cited by 10
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“Studies also suggested that a strong bond between the mother and the child could enhance the child’s cognitive, socio-emotional and behavioral development [12].”
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Bergunde, L., Karl, M., Borrmeister, M., Jaramillo, I., Weise, V., Mack, J. T., Weidner, K., Gao, W., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2317674 · Cited by 9
“…research indicates increased risk for bonding impairments associated with CM (Lehnig et al., 2019; Muzik et al., 2013) and suggests that current psychopathological, including depressive symptoms, may partly explain this relationship (Frohberg et al., 2022; Lehnig et al., 2019; Muzik et al., 2013).”
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“Maternal depression, anxiety or other psychiatric illness, history of child abuse and mothers’ socioeconomic disadvantages are regarded as risk factors for child abuse and maltreatment [25-28].”
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Perinatal PTSD and the mother-infant bond: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Predictors of Early Postpartum Maternal Functioning Among Women Veterans
Goger, P., Szpunar, M. J., Baca, S. A., Gartstein, M. A., & Lang, A. J. (2021) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-021-03241-0 · Cited by 8
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Postpartum depression among women in Nagoya indirectly exposed to the Great East Japan Earthquake
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Hadathy, D. E., Malaeb, D. N., Hallit, S. R., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., & Barakat, H. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05745-9 · Cited by 9
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Suchanecki, L., & Goutaudier, N. (2022) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2022.2137118 · Cited by 7
Jester, J. M., Riggs, J. L., Menke, R. A., Alfafara, E. A., Issa, M., Muzik, M., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1048511 · Cited by 9
“It is with an estimated 6–15% of women experience perinatal depression (3–5), with higher rates among mothers with fewer economic resources (6), fewer social supports (7), history of depression or other psychiatric comorbidity (7, 8), childhood traumatization (9, 10) and intimate partner violence (11).”
BackgroundSelf-citationShlomo, S. B., & Haim, S. B. (2017) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcw092 · Cited by 7
Hebrew validation of the postpartum bonding questionnaire: a study of mothers and fathers
Hakhmigari, M. K., Segal, H., Peled, Y., & Handelzalts, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2247014 · Cited by 6
“Two items (18,24) relating to the risk of abuse were not included due to ethical considerations (Muzik et al., 2013).”
Zou, L., Wang, S., Chen, J., Krewski, D. R., Wen, S. W., Lai, X., & Xie, R. (2024) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12871 · Cited by 6
Adding perinatal anxiety screening to depression screening: is it worth it?
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Mother-infant relationship and its Predictors
Darvishvand, M., Khalesi, Z. B., & Rahebi, S. M. (2021) · JBRA · doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20210029 · Cited by 6
“, 2020), gestational age at delivery, duration of hospitalization, maternal age, maternal occupation, maternal education, history of abortion, history of stillbirth, a tendency to recent pregnancy and marital status, should all be considered (Muzik et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFrohberg, J., Bittner, A., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Junge‐Hoffmeister, J., Garthus‐Niegel, S., & Weidner, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.836368 · Cited by 6
“This is in line with findings that not the CM itself but the resulting psychopathology in postpartum mothers affects MIB (30, 31).”
ResultAllegri, B., Brenna, V., Confalonieri, L., Puzzini, A., Nichelatti, M., Piccinini, G., Mazza, U., & Percudani, M. (2023) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100633 · Cited by 6
“…studies reported that women who suffered from depression and anxiety during pregnancy are at increased risk of later developing postpartum psychiatric disorders (Robertson et al., 2004; Sutter-Dallay et al., 2004) and impairing the maternal-infant bond (Bind et al., 2021; Muzik et al., 2013).”
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“Maternal ACE is also linked with impairments in the mother-infant relationship including reduced parenting sensitivity, bonding, and attachment security [6, 13–15], and negative developmental outcomes for infants [5, 16, 17].”
BackgroundMothering very young children after wartime deployment: A case report
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Epidural analgesia associations with depression, PTSD, and bonding at 2 months postpartum
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Alexithymic traits and parental postpartum bonding: Findings from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study
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“Additionally, mothers who suffered with postpartum depression tend to be less sensitive to their infant’s need for emotional contact and have difficulty in providing essential care such as breastfeeding, interacting with the infant, and maintaining their own hygiene and sleep patterns [7, 11].”
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“Despite the lack of conclusions from previous studies, it is believed that this bond originates during pregnancy and continues to develop immediately after birth and during the first months of the baby’s life [1,2].”
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Childhood Abuse and Postpartum Psychosis
Kennedy, S. C., & Tripodi, S. J. (2014) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109914544719 · Cited by 4
“Attachment impairment is further heightened for mothers who report having experienced abuse or neglect as children (Muzik et al., 2013).”
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Social Determinants of Maternal Mental Health and the Need for Integrated Models of Care
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Julian, M. M., Bernard, N. K., Handelzalts, J. E., Menke, R. A., & Muzik, M. (2021) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01163-y · Cited by 4
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“Researchers analysed it and obtained eight groups of themes based on the research objectives, namely: (1) History of the Childbirth Process (2) Mood and Affect (3) Physiological Considerations (4) Thinking Process (5) Support System (6) Relationship with family and health workers (7) Expectations that you want in the…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Muzik, M., Bocknek, E. L., Broderick, A., Richardson, P., Rosenblum, K. L., Thelen, K., & Seng, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Muzik, Maria
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of Women's Mental Health
- Published
- 2012-10-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-38
- ISSN
- 1434-1816 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1102
- PMC
- PMC4040083
- OpenAlex
- W2085764880
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 10.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Women s Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH080147, MH080147)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024986)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- mother-infant bonding, postpartum depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, childhood abuse and neglect, maternal psychopathology, early postpartum period, Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, parenting quality, mother-infant relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child Abuse, Female, Follow-Up Studies, House Calls, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychopathology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Telephone, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies, Child of Impaired Parents, Parenting, Postpartum Period
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