Perinatal depression: a review of US legislation and law
Open accessAbstract
Accumulating research documenting the prevalence and negative effects of perinatal depression, together with highly publicized tragic critical incidents of suicide and filicide by mothers with postpartum psychosis, have fueled a continuum of legislation. Specialists in perinatal mental health should recognize how their work influences legislative initiatives and penal codes, and take this into consideration when developing perinatal services and research. Yet, without legal expertise, the status of legislative initiatives can be confusing. To address this shortfall, we assembled an interdisciplinary team of academics specializing in law, as well as perinatal mental health, to summarize these issues. This review presents the relevant federal and state legislation and summarizes the criminal codes that governed the court decisions on cases in which a mother committed filicide because of postpartum psychosis. Moreover, the review aims to help researchers and providers who specialize in perinatal depression understand their role in this legal landscape.
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Social justice activism led to legislative actions mandating universal screening of new mothers for depression and their active participation in clinical research.
“This unfolded in parallel with social justice activism that ultimately led to legislative actions mandating the universal screening of new mothers for depression and their active participation in clinical research (5–8).”
From A critical need for the concept of matrescence in perinatal psychiatry (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The State Legislative Initiatives section describes an advocated-for New Jersey law requiring depression screening of new mothers, and the Discussion says three states mandated maternal depression screening. The Federal Legislative Initiatives section describes funding and directives to expand postpartum-depression research, but does not say legislation mandated mothers’ active participation in clinical research. The paper identifies advocacy and awareness-raising as influences on legislation, without specifically characterizing them as social justice activism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Provider communication on perinatal depression: a population-based study
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“Three states in our analysis have mandates to educate women on perinatal depression (Rhodes and Segre 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialYu, M., & Sampson, M. (2016) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2016.1160337 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Policies should include details about how to universally screen and diagnose PND, as well as how to provide in-house treatment or appropriate referrals.”
BackgroundInfluentialSmoking status: A tacit screen for postpartum depression in primary care settings
Barber, G. A., & Shenassa, E. D. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.033 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Telephone-Based Depression Care Management for Postpartum Women
Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K. Y., McShea, M. C., Luther, J. F., Eng, H. F., Dills, J. L., Moses‐Kolko, E. L., & Wisniewski, S. R. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.15m10563 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“and function and evaluate progress; (5) give the subject feedback on her progress; (6) facilitate access to mental health services; (7) encourage links to community resources (workplace assistance, domestic violence services, housing, and legal services); and (8) support primary care providers and mental health practi…”
BackgroundLeboffe, E., Pietragallo, H. C., Liu, G., Ba, D. M., LESLIE, D. L., & Chuang, C. H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.020 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Identifying Depression in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Parents: Then What?
Bogen, D. L., Fisher, S. D., & Wisner, K. L. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Social Workers’ Screening Practices for Postpartum Depression
Polmanteer, R. S. R., Keefe, R. H., & Brownstein-Evans, C. (2017) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/21008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“PPD has come into the public’s consciousness over the past 30 years, when highly publicized accounts of new mothers harming their newborn infants catalyzed legislators to begin addressing the problem (Rhodes & Segre, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialDisparities in Utilization and Delivery Outcomes for Women with Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Zivin, K., & Courant, A. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20240003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Intensive Perinatal Mental Health Programs in the United States: A Call to Action
Posmontier, B., Geller, P. A., Horowitz, J. A., Elgohail, M., & Chiarello, L. A. (2022) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202100384 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
When Screening Is Policy, How Do We Make It Work?
Yawn, B. P., LaRusso, E. M., Bertram, S. L., & Bobo, W. V. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118509722.ch2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
What Can Happen When Postpartum Anxiety Progresses to Psychosis? A Case Study
Pirec, V. (2018) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2018/8262043 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Screening for postpartum depression (PPD) is mandated in many countries and in at least five states within the US [3].”
BackgroundGuerrero, N., Gangnon, R. E., Curtis, M. A., Valdez, C. R., Ehrenthal, D. B., & Jacobs, E. A. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-03040-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The criminalization of women with postpartum psychosis: “a call for action” for judicial change
Feingold, S. B., & Lewis, B. M. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01461-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mali, N. V. (2018) · Journal of Health and Human Services Administration · doi:10.1177/107937391804000404 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Many U.S. states have implemented perinatal depression initiatives (Rhodes & Segre, 2013).”
BackgroundValidity of the WHIPLASHED as a tool to identify bipolar disorder in women
Mahmoud, D. R., Yang, A., Ciolino, J. D., Fisher, S. D., Sit, D. K. Y., Pinheiro, E. A., Pendergrast, T. R., O’Shea, K., Wisner, K. L., & Clark, C. T. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.038 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Education and screening of perinatal women is required by law in some states including New Jersey, Illinois and West Virginia (Rhodes and Segre, 2013).”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of the infant crying and parent well‐being screening tool
Katch, L. E., & Burkhardt, T. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22599 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Preliminary Validation of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Baughcum, A. E., Clark, O. E., Lassen, S. R., Fortney, C. A., Rausch, J. R., Dunnells, Z. D. O., Geller, P. A., Olsavsky, A. L., Patterson, C. A., & Gerhardt, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsac081 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tabb, K. M., Hsieh, W.-J., Ramirez, X. R., & Kopels, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1347382 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“However, of these states, Illinois is the only state with language that involves other state agencies and references the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology screening procedures as a guide (10).”
Access to Maternal Mental Health Services: Trends in State Legislation
Nguyen, M. H., & Duderstadt, K. G. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.08.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cesarean effects on adolescents’ birth experiences: counterfactual analysis
Connolly, J. P., & Anderson, C. A. (2020) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0102 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ahmed, M. K., Keefe, R. H., Kmush, B. L., Shuman, E., Walker, K., Rubinstein, R. A., Silverman, R. K., Shaw, A., & Lane, S. D. (2026) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2026.2618487 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which requires funded research to better understand the prevalence and course of various PMHs leading to culturally competent evidence-based treatment approaches (Keefe et al., 2015; Rhodes & Segre, 2013; U.S. Department of Labor, 2012).”
Wang, H., Li, H., Tang, S., & Sun, M. (2026) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2026.104894 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Perinatal Depression and Infant Mortality
Woofter, R. C., McGovern, M. E., Abe, N., & Rokicki, S. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.31364 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Barkin, J. L., Hawkins, K. C., Thomas, T. S., & Parish, D. C. (2015) · SM Journal of Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.36876/smjdrt.1003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Addressing Depression and Psychological Need Satisfaction of Post-Cesarean Mothers
Smith, D. (2023) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2023.1111040 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Randomized clinical trial protocol of an app-based intervention to prevent postpartum depression
Poleshuck, E. L., Fox, D., Abar, B. W., Maeng, D. D., Bilinski, T., Beers, L., Rosen, J., & Zlotnick, C. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107800 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity”: Common Characteristics in Six Homicide Cases from Hatay, Turkey
(2014) · Journal of Forensic Investigation · doi:10.13188/2330-0396.1000018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Brown, K. M., & Kathol, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04245-5_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Identification and Management of Perinatal Depression: Differences between Healthcare Providers
Leiferman, J. A., Lee‐Winn, A. E., Farewell, C. V., Ulrickson, C., Undis, G., Leiferman, J. A., & Huberty, J. (2020) · Case Reports in Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive · doi:10.31487/j.crogr.2020.01.04 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“National guidelines and recent legislation underscore the need for improvement in the detection and treatment of mood disorders in the perinatal period [8].”
BackgroundWhy a DSM diagnosis of postpartum psychosis is important for women in the US legal system
RHODES, A. M. (2021) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01174-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationA Review of Post-Partum Depression-Why is the Mom Sad!
Tiwana, M. (2022) · Journal of Quality in Health Care & Economics · doi:10.23880/jqhe-16000277 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Postpartum depression in Jamaica: Exploring the lived experiences.
Elmore, S. (2023) · doi:10.18297/etd/4107 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Torres, R., Kehoe, P., & Heilemann, M. V. (2018) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/1540415318764096
“Inclusion criteria were Texas-born women, primiparous, less than 12 months postpartum, uncomplicated pregnancy/delivery, self-identified as Latina/Hispanic, English literate, and 18 to 21 years of age.”
BackgroundInfluentialCreation and evaluation of a maternal mental health course
McCloskey, R. J., & Ragudaran, S. (2018) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2018.1509952
“…increase awareness of the topic of maternal mental health, and encourage political activity toward change; in this case, advocacy was for routine screening for PMADs nationwide, which has been state law in New Jersey, USA—where the university is located—since 2006 (Rhodes & Segre, 2013).”
InfluentialElisha, L. (2019) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado)
Uwumiro, F. E., Okpujie, V. O., & Anokwuru, K. O. (2021) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.2.0364
“Mandatory screening and reporting of PPD, increased awareness of the effects and risk factors for PPD, enabling access to rapid self-screening tools and support services for women may constitute a framework for an effective legislative approach to combating PPD [14].”
BackgroundThe role of clinician assistants in addressing perinatal depression
Cooper, K. M., Masters, G. A., Simas, T. A. M., & Byatt, N. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2021.1975676
The Use of Antidepressants During Pregnancy
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Screening for Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders Across Settings
Baughcum, A. E., Clark, O. E., Gillespie, S. L., & Decker, J. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197545027.003.0010
Models of care: Opportunities and challenges
Adewale, V., Fernandez‐Criado, R., Turco, A., Battle, C. L., Brito, A. S., Feinberg, E., & Miller, E. S. (2024) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2024.151940
Pediatric Providers’ Perceptions of Their Role in the Early Detection of Postpartum Depression
Gonzalez, L. A., & Chin, E. G. (2025) · Nursing for Women s Health · doi:10.1016/j.nwh.2024.08.005
Addressing Maternal Mental Health Trauma in Black and Brown Communities
Sharara, L., Gravesande, T., Dugat, V., Yada, F. N., & Amutah‐Onukagha, N. (2025) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4272-5.ch007
Perinatal Mental Health: Addressing Service Gaps and Advancing Anti-Oppressive Practice
Huang, F. (2025) · Essential clinical social work series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91391-4_5
Association of state postpartum depression legislation and maternal mortality in the United States
White, J. M., Chukwuorji, J. C., Farooq, S., Foulon, A., Frisbey, Q., Hammad, H., Harris, T., Loree, A. M., Zlotnick, C., & Johnson, J. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1625860
- Authors
- Rhodes, A. M., & Segre, L. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Segre, Lisa S.
- ORCID
- Segre, Lisa S.
- Venue
- Archives of Women's Mental Health
- Published
- 2013-06-06
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 259-270
- ISSN
- 1434-1816 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1102
- PMC
- PMC3725295
- OpenAlex
- W2012394421
- Semantic Scholar
- 702d7793597c4c95928f99c6c4e061e1dbcbb894
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 6.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Women s Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Iowa Research Online (The University of Iowa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH075964)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Law and Policy
- Keywords
- perinatal depression, postpartum psychosis, maternal suicide, filicide, criminal law, criminal code, legislation, perinatal mental health services, maternal separation
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infanticide, Pregnancy, United States, Perinatal Care, Depression, Postpartum
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