Environmental injustice and flood risk: a conceptual model and case comparison of metropolitan Miami and Houston, USA
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This article outlines a conceptual model and comparatively applies it to results from environmental justice (EJ) studies of flood risk in the Miami, Florida, and Houston, Texas, metropolitan areas. In contrast to most EJ studies of air pollution, which have found that socially-vulnerable groups experience disproportionate risk, distributive EJ studies of flooding reveal inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between social vulnerability and flood exposure. Counterintuitively (from a conventional EJ perspective), some pre-flood EJ studies have found that socially-advantaged people experience the highest residential exposure to flood risks. To integrate those anomalous findings within an EJ perspective, our conceptual model focuses on (1) the differential capacities of social groups to deploy/access protective resources for reducing the threat of loss, even while they reside amid flood-prone environments, and (2) both flood hazards and water-based benefits. Application of this model in Miami reveals that environmental injustices materialize as socially-privileged groups expose themselves to residential flood risks by seeking coastal amenities, as the costs of mitigating risks are conveyed to the broader public; in the process, socially-vulnerable residents are relegated to areas with air pollution and/or inland flood risks, where they experience constrained access to protective resources and coastal amenities. Findings from Houston better align with conventional EJ expectations-with flood zones disproportionately inhabited by socially-vulnerable people-because many coastal lands there are used by petrochemical industries, which produce major residential-environmental disamenities. Results underscore the need to consider protective resources and locational benefits in future empirical research on the EJ implications of flood hazards.
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In NYC, densely developed neighborhoods with masonry and steel apartment buildings have higher overnight minimum outdoor temperatures, but the same structures can reduce heat exposure by gaining heat more slowly, being more energy efficient, having less exposure to outdoor heat or cold due to adjacent unit walls, and helping to shade streets and sidewalks.
“Although densely developed neighborhoods with masonry and steel apartment buildings do have higher overnight minimum outdoor temperatures, 183 the same structures can reduce heat exposure in several ways: by gaining heat more slowly 184 ; by being more energy efficient and having lower energy costs than single-family homes 185 ; by having less exposure to outdoor heat or cold due to adjacent unit”
From NPCC4: Advancing climate justice in climate adaptation strategies for New York City (2024) · cites this paper as [185]
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- Authors
- Collins, T. W., Grineski, S. E., & Chakraborty, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- Corresponding author
- Collins, Timothy W.
- Venue
- Regional Environmental Change
- Published
- 2017-02-13
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 311-323
- ISSN
- 1436-378X (ISSN-L)
- 1436-3798
- PMC
- PMC5849275
- OpenAlex
- W2588609895
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 15.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Regional Environmental Change (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation (1129984, 1536113)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Flood Risk Assessment and Management
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Keywords
- environmental justice, flood risk, social vulnerability, protective resources, coastal amenities, petrochemical industry, air pollution, Miami metropolitan area, Houston metropolitan area, conceptual model
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