Cited by 339Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchHIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsHIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Psychological Trauma and PTSD in HIV-Positive Women: A Meta-Analysis

Machtinger, E. L., Wilson, T. C., Haberer, J. E., Weiss, D. S.·2012·AIDS and Behavior

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Women bear an increasing burden of the HIV epidemic and face high rates of morbidity and mortality. Trauma has been increasingly associated with the high prevalence and poor outcomes of HIV in this population. This meta-analysis estimates rates of psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in HIV-positive women from the United States. We reviewed 9,552 articles, of which 29 met our inclusion criteria, resulting in a sample of 5,930 individuals. The findings demonstrate highly disproportionate rates of trauma exposure and recent PTSD in HIV-positive women compared to the general population of women. For example, the estimated rate of recent PTSD among HIV-positive women is 30.0% (95% CI 18.8-42.7%), which is over five-times the rate of recent PTSD reported in a national sample of women. The estimated rate of intimate partner violence is 55.3% (95% CI 36.1-73.8%), which is more than twice the national rate. Studies of trauma-prevention and trauma-recovery interventions in this population are greatly needed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10461-011-0127-4

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955
Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106 · Cited by 5,024
The Impact of Event Scale: Revised
Weiss, D. S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70990-1_10 · Cited by 3,074
Self-citation
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e514172006-001 · Cited by 2,067
Estimation of HIV Incidence in the United States
Hall, H. I. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.5.520 · Cited by 1,320
PTSD Checklist—Civilian version (PCL-C)
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1991) · Cited by 734
The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.426 · Cited by 672
The intersections of HIV and violence: directions for future research and interventions
Maman, S., Campbell, J. C., Sweat, M. D., & Gielen, A. C. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00270-1 · Cited by 579
Domestic violence and childhood sexual abuse in HIV-infected women and women at risk for HIV
Cohen, M. H., Deamant, C. D., Barkan, S. E., Richardson, J. L., Young, M., Holman, S., Anastos, K., Cohen, J., & Melnick, S. L. (2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.4.560 · Cited by 357
Correlates of Partner Violence Among Female Street-Based Sex Workers: Substance Abuse, History of Childhood Abuse, and HIV Risks
El‐Bassel, N., Witte, S. S., Wada, T., Gilbert, L., & Wallace, J. (2001) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/108729101460092 · Cited by 286
Examining the unique relationships between anxiety disorders and childhood physical and sexual abuse in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication
Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., Sachs-Ericsson, N., Keough, M. E., & Riccardi, C. J. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.008 · Cited by 281
Quality of life among women living with HIV: the importance violence, social support, and self care behaviors
GIELEN, A. C., McDonnell, K. A., Wu, A. W., O'Campo, P. J., & Faden, R. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00135-0 · Cited by 222
Relation of Lifetime Trauma and Depressive Symptoms to Mortality in HIV
Leserman, J., Pence, B. W., Whetten, K., Mugavero, M. J., Thielman, N. M., Swartz, M. S., & Stangl, D. K. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111775 · Cited by 220
How Trauma, Recent Stressful Events, and PTSD Affect Functional Health Status and Health Utilization in HIV-Infected Patients in the South
Leserman, J., Whetten, K., Lowe, K., Stangl, D. K., Swartz, M. S., & Thielman, N. M. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000160459.78182.d9 · Cited by 186
HIV/AIDS and Intimate Partner Violence
GIELEN, A. C., Ghandour, R. M., Burke, J. G., Mahoney, P., McDonnell, K. A., & O'Campo, P. J. (2007) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838007301476 · Cited by 185
A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to HIV risk behavior among women
Arriola, K. R. J., Louden, T., Doldren, M. A., & Fortenberry, R. M. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.014 · Cited by 184
Health Concerns Across a Woman's Lifespan: The Commonwealth Fund 1998 Survey of Women's Health
Schoen, C. (1999) · Cited by 162
Traumatic Stress in HIV-Infected Women
Kimerling, R. E., Calhoun, K. S., Forehand, R., Armistead, L. P., Morse, E. V., Morse, P., Clark, R., & Clark, L. (1999) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.1999.11.4.321 · Cited by 159
The Efficacy of an Integrated Risk Reduction Intervention for HIV-Positive Women With Child Sexual Abuse Histories
Wyatt, G. E., Longshore, D. L., Chin, D., Carmona, J. V., Loeb, T. B., Myers, H. F., Warda, U. S., Liu, H., & Rivkin, I. D. (2004) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-004-7329-y · Cited by 159
Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Physical Trauma in an HIV-Positive Sample From the Deep South
Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Lowe, K., Stangl, D. K., Thielman, N. M., Swartz, M. S., Hanisch, L. J., & Scoyoc, L. V. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.063263 · Cited by 145
Childhood sexual abuse and sexual risk behavior among men and women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic.
Senn, T. E., Carey, M. P., Vanable, P. A., Coury-Doniger, P. A., & Urban, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.4.720 · Cited by 142
Women living with HIV: Disclosure, violence, and social support
GIELEN, A. C., Fogarty, L., O'Campo, P. J., Anderson, J., Keller, J., & Faden, R. (2000) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/bf02386755 · Cited by 135
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women Attending Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Clinics
Martínez, A. S., Israelski, D. M., Walker, C. A., & Koopman, C. (2002) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/10872910260066714 · Cited by 126
Overload: Impact of Incident Stressful Events on Antiretroviral Medication Adherence and Virologic Failure in a Longitudinal, Multisite Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cohort Study
Mugavero, M. J., Raper, J. L., Reif, S., Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Thielman, N. M., & Pence, B. W. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181bfe8d2 · Cited by 122
The impact of PTSD on pain experience in persons with HIV/AIDS
Smith, M. Y., Egert, J. R., Winkel, G. H., & Jacobson, J. M. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00431-6 · Cited by 116
Trauma, coping, and depression among women with HIV/AIDS in New York City
Simoni, J. M., & Ng, M. (2000) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/095401200750003752 · Cited by 115
Is intimate partner violence associated with HIV infection among women in the United States?
Sareen, J., Pagura, J., & Grant, B. F. (2009) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.02.004 · Cited by 115
Intimate Partner Violence, HIV Status, and Sexual Risk Reduction
GIELEN, A. C., McDonnell, K. A., & O'Campo, P. J. (2002) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1015494513192 · Cited by 113
Emotional adjustment in survivors of sexual assault living with HIV‐AIDS
Kalichman, S. C., Sikkema, K. J., DiFonzo, K., Luke, W., & Austin, J. A. (2002) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1016247727498 · Cited by 113
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cocaine Dependence: Order of Onset
Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Sonne, S. C., & Saladin, M. E. (1998) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.3109/10550499809034484 · Cited by 113
Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse Histories, PTSD, Depression, and HIV Risk Outcomes in Women Injection Drug Users: A Potential Mediating Pathway
Plotzker, R. E., Metzger, D. S., & Holmes, W. C. (2007) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490701643161 · Cited by 106
Violence Among Women with or at Risk for HIV Infection
Vlahov, D., Wientge, D., Moore, J., Flynn, C. P., Schuman, P. C., Schoenbaum, E. E., Zierler, S., Rompalo, A. M., Sobel, J. D., Klein, R. S., et al. (1998) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1022359307814 · Cited by 95
Mortality among Participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and the Women's Interagency HIV Study
Hessol, N. A., Kalinowski, A. H., Benning, L., Mullen, J., Young, M., Palella, F. J., Anastos, K., Detels, R., & Cohen, M. H. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/510488 · Cited by 94
Minorities, the Poor, and Survivors of Abuse: HIV-Infected Patients in the US Deep South
Pence, B. W., Reif, S., Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Stangl, D. K., Swartz, M. S., Thielman, N. M., & Mugavero, M. J. (2007) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000286756.54607.9f · Cited by 93
Risk Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology in HIV-Infected Women
Katz, S., & Nevid, J. S. (2005) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2005.19.110 · Cited by 93
Psychosocial Predictors of Sexual HIV Transmission Risk Behavior among HIV-Positive Adults with a Sexual Abuse History in Childhood
Sikkema, K. J., Hansen, N. B., Meade, C. S., Kochman, A., & FOX, A. M. (2007) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9238-4 · Cited by 89
Physical and Sexual Abuse in Women Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Liebschutz, J. M., Feinman, G., SULLIVAN, L. M., Stein, M. D., & Samet, J. H. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.11.1659 · Cited by 82
Intimate Partner Violence, Substance Use, and HIV Among Low-Income Women
Burke, J. G., Thieman, L. K., Gielen, A. C., O'Campo, P. J., & McDonnell, K. A. (2005) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801205276943 · Cited by 80
Physical and Sexual Abuse among Homeless and Unstably Housed Adults Living with HIV: Prevalence and Associated Risks
Henny, K. D., Kidder, D. P., Stall, R. D., & Wolitski, R. J. (2007) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9251-6 · Cited by 70
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cocaine Dependence: Order of Onset
Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Sonne, S. C., & Saladin, M. E. (1998) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.1998.tb00327.x · Cited by 67
Abuse, HIV status and health-related quality of life among a sample of HIV positive and HIV negative low income women
McDonnell, K. A., GIELEN, A. C., O'Campo, P. J., & Burke, J. G. (2005) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-004-3709-z · Cited by 63
The Impact of Trauma-Focused Group Therapy upon HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors in the NIDA Clinical Trials Network “Women and Trauma” Multi-Site Study
Hien, D. A., Campbell, A. N. C., Killeen, T. K., Hu, M., Hansen, C., Jiang, H., Hatch‐Maillette, M. A., Miele, G. M., Cohen, L. R., Gan, W., et al. (2009) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9573-7 · Cited by 59
Predictors of AIDS-Related Morbidity and Mortality in a Southern U.S. Cohort
Mugavero, M. J., Pence, B. W., Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Swartz, M. S., Stangl, D. K., & Thielman, N. M. (2007) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2006.0167 · Cited by 56
Severity of Child Sexual Abuse, Post- Traumatic Stress and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among HIV-Positive Women
Myers, H. F., Wyatt, G. E., Loeb, T. B., Carmona, J. V., Warda, U. S., Longshore, D. L., Rivkin, I. D., Chin, D., & Liu, H. (2006) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-005-9054-6 · Cited by 56
Associations Between Recent Gender-Based Violence and Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Condom Use Practices, and Negotiation of Sexual Practices Among HIV-Positive Women
Lang, D. L., Salazar, L. F., Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R. J., & Mikhail, I. S. (2007) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31814d4dad · Cited by 53
The Impact of HIV Diagnosis-Related vs. Non-Diagnosis Related Trauma on PTSD, Depression, Medication Adherence, and HIV Disease Markers
Boarts, J. M., Buckley-Fischer, B., Armelie, A. P., Bogart, L. M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/15433710802633247 · Cited by 51
Abuse, health locus of control, and perceived health among HIV-positive women.
Simoni, J. M., & Ng, M. T. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.21.1.89 · Cited by 47
Post-traumatic stress disorder in HIV-positive incarcerated women.
Lewis, C. F. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Effects of trauma intervention on HIV sexual risk behaviors among women with co‐occurring disorders in substance abuse treatment
Amaro, H. D. L. A., Larson, M. J., Zhang, A., Acevedo, A., Dai, J., & Matsumoto, A. (2007) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20188 · Cited by 37
Physical and Sexual Abuse in the Lives of HIV-Positive Women Enrolled in a Primary Medicine Health Maintenance Organization
Brady, S. M., Gallagher, D. M., Berger-Greenstein, J. A., & Vega, M. J. T. (2002) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/108729102317330463 · Cited by 36
Women, Trauma, and HIV: An Overview
Wyatt, G. E., Myers, H. F., & Loeb, T. B. (2004) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-004-7324-3 · Cited by 35
The Effect of Sexual and Physical Violence on Risky Sexual Behavior and STDs Among a Cohort of HIV Seropositive Women
Hogben, M., Gange, S. J., Watts, D. H., Robison, E., Young, M., Richardson, J. L., Cohen, M. H., & DeHovitz, J. A. (2001) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1013138923777 · Cited by 32
MOMS: formative evaluation and subsequent intervention for mothers living with HIV
Davies, S. L., Horton, T. V., Williams, A. G., Martin, M. Y., & Stewart, K. E. (2009) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120802301832 · Cited by 32
Disclosure, Stress, and Psychological Adjustment among Mothers Affected by HIV
MURPHY, L. M. B., Koranyi, K. I., Crim, L. B., & WHITED, S. (1999) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.1999.13.111 · Cited by 32
History of sexual abuse among HIV- infected women
Rung, A. L., KISSINGER, P. J., & Bessinger, R. E. (1997) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1258/0956462971920046 · Cited by 32
Abuse, health locus of control, and perceived health among HIV-positive women.
Simoni, J. M., & Ng, M. T. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.1.89 · Cited by 31
Mortality Rates and Causes of Death in a Cohort of HIV-Infected and Uninfected Women, 1993-1999
Smith, D. K. (2003) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jurban/jtg074 · Cited by 30
San Francisco 2010
Paredes, O. (2010) · Clarín: Revista de nueva literatura · Cited by 29
The Disconnected Self: Consequences of Abuse in a Cohort of Low-Income White Women Living with HIV/AIDS
Leenerts, M. H. (1999) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/073993399245674 · Cited by 28
Association of Violence Victimization with Inconsistent Condom Use in HIV-Infected Persons
Chuang, C. H., Liebschutz, J., Horton, N. J., & Samet, J. (2006) · Aids and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-005-9046-6 · Cited by 24
Physical and sexual violence and health care utilization in HIV-infected persons with alcohol problems
Liebschutz, J. M., Geier, J. L., Horton, N. J., Chuang, C.-H., & Samet, J. H. (2005) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120512331314358 · Cited by 24
Incidence and Correlates of Physical Violence Among HIV-Infected Women at Risk For Pregnancy in the Southeastern United States
Sowell, R. L., Phillips, K. D., Seals, B. F., Murdaugh, C. L., & Rush, C. B. (2002) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/s1055-3290(06)60200-8 · Cited by 13
HIV
(2003) · Encyclopedia of visual medicine series/The Encyclopedia of visual medicine series · doi:10.1201/b13917-2 · Cited by 8
Secrecy and risk among MSM in Tbilisi, Georgia
Costenbader, E., Otiashvili, D., Meyer, W., Zule, W. A., Orr, A., & Kirtadze, I. (2009) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120802385587 · Cited by 7
Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in people with HIV.
Hansen, N. B., & Sikkema, K. J. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 2

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS–United States, 1981–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(21):589–92.

Sorted by citations

A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children after earthquakes
Tang, B., Deng, Q., Glik, D., Dong, J., & Zhang, L. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14121537 · Cited by 299
The enduring impact of violence against children
Hillis, S. D., Mercy, J. A., & Saul, J. R. (2016) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1153679 · Cited by 272
From treatment to healing: The promise of trauma-informed primary care
Machtinger, E. L., Cuca, Y. P., Khanna, N., Rose, C. D., & Kimberg, L. S. (2015) · Women's Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2015.03.008 · Cited by 225
Self-citation
The Syndemic Illness of HIV and Trauma: Implications for a Trauma-Informed Model of Care
Brezing, C., Ferrara, M., & Freudenreich, O. (2015) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.006 · Cited by 201
Substance Abuse, Violence, and HIV/AIDS (SAVA) Syndemic Effects on Viral Suppression Among HIV Positive Women of Color
Sullivan, K. A., Messer, L. C., & Quinlivan, E. B. (2015) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2014.0278 · Cited by 174

See all 339

Authors: Machtinger, E. L., Wilson, T. C., Haberer, J. E., & Weiss, D. S.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Machtinger, E. L.
ORCID: Machtinger, E. L.
Haberer, J. E.
Venue: AIDS and Behavior
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-01-17
Volume: 16
Issue: 8
Pages: 2091-2100
ISSN: 1090-7165 (ISSN-L)
1573-3254
DOI: 10.1007/s10461-011-0127-4
OpenAlex: W2073684472
Cited by: 339
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 3.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: AIDS and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH087227)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Keywords: psychological trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, women living with HIV, intimate partner violence, trauma exposure
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Violence, HIV Infections, Prevalence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Psychological Trauma and PTSD in HIV-Positive Women: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks