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The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: Domestic Violence Survivors' Experiences with Their Informal Social Networks
Abstract
Informal social networks play a critical role in buffering the negative effects of stressful life events. For women experiencing the stress of a violent relationship, family and friends are among the first sources of support sought; however, reactions to the abuse by family and friends are not uniformly perceived as helpful by survivors. The current study takes a qualitative approach to examining the range of possible reactions survivors may encounter from their social networks regarding the abuse. Special attention is given to negative and mixed reactions, as they have previously been under-examined in the literature. Findings suggest that survivors (N = 45) regularly experience negative and mixed reactions. Emergent themes suggest that both positive and negative reactions to abuse could be understood in four broad arenas: safety, emotional availability, input, and aid. However, positive and negative reactions emerged as distinct constructs within each arena; mixed reactions took multiple forms including being within person and within network.
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“Further under-standing of the process of disclosure and helpseeking comes from a few qualitative studies which highlight the complexity of the notion of support and the mistrust on the part of survivors that leads to 'cautious relating'.1,24”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Our study confirms previous findings that disclosure of abuse does not always have a positive outcome for women.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“The study provides corroboration and further understanding of barriers to disclosure and help-seeking previously identified.”
From Help‐seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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Sylaska, K. M., & Edwards, K. M. (2014) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838013496335 · Cited by 456
“Similar to the findings of Trotter and Allen (2009) described previously, other researchers (Edwards et al., 2012; Moe, 2007; Renzetti, 1989) found that the victims in their studies reported that although friends and family members were cited as the most helpful informal sources of support, friends…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKennedy, A. C., & Prock, K. A. (2018) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016673601 · Cited by 471
“…and negative reactions from social network members, with some women experiencing victim blaming, minimization, and rejection upon disclosure (Trotter & Allen, 2009); African American women recruited from shelters described being labeled ‘‘stupid’’ and as a source of amusement: ‘‘ . . . he…”
BackgroundWho will help prevent sexual violence: Creating an ecological model of bystander intervention.
Banyard, V. L. (2011) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0023739 · Cited by 374
Evans, M. A., & Feder, G. S. (2016) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12330 · Cited by 207
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Expanding our lens: Female pathways to antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood
Javdani, S., Sadeh, N., & Verona, E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.002 · Cited by 108
“Further, IPV and related legal trouble weaken women’s informal support networks by physically removing them from these networks (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundDifferences in Social Network Structure and Support Among Women in Violent Relationships
Katerndahl, D., Burge, S., Ferrer, R., Becho, J., & Wood, R. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260512469103 · Cited by 94
“When help is sought, others often do not know how to respond (Latta, 2009), or their reaction is perceived as unhelpful (Fanslow & Robinson, 2010; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundNikookar, E., Stevenson, M., & Varsei, M. (2024) · Journal of Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1111/jscm.12313 · Cited by 104
Lippy, C., Jumarali, S. N., Nnawulezi, N. A., Williams, E. P., & Burk, C. (2019) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00103-w · Cited by 88
Intervening in Partner Violence Against Women
Latta, R. E., & Goodman, L. A. (2011) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000011398504 · Cited by 86
Barrett, B. J., Peirone, A., & Cheung, C. H. (2019) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00086-8 · Cited by 81
Barrios, V. R., Khaw, L. B. L., Bermea, A., & Hardesty, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519900939 · Cited by 84
“However, informal support systems are not always as helpful (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundInformal Social Reactions to College Women’s Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence
Edwards, K. M., Dardis, C. M., Sylaska, K. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514532524 · Cited by 67
“…the abuser, which preliminary research documents is a common social reaction to young women’s disclosure of IPV (Edwards, Dardis, & Gidycz, 2012; Mahlstedt & Keeny, 1993; Trotter & Allen, 2009), with rates as high as 71.9% in a sample of women obtaining legal action for IPV (Kocot & Goodman, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialFlicker, S. M., Cerulli, C., Swogger, M. T., & Talbot, N. L. (2012) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801212448897 · Cited by 59
“Trotter and Allen (2009) documented that abused women regularly experience both negative and mixed reactions from their informal social networks and identified a need to explore the link between these negative responses and abused women’s psychological health.”
BackgroundAdolescent Relationship Violence: Help-Seeking and Help-Giving Behaviors among Peers
Fry, D. A., Messinger, A. M., Rickert, V. I., O’Connor, M., Palmetto, N., Lessel, H., & Davidson, L. L. (2013) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9826-7 · Cited by 56
Disclosure Recipients’ Social Reactions to Victims’ Disclosures of Intimate Partner Violence
Edwards, K. M., & Dardis, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516681155 · Cited by 51
“…victim, providing practical or tangible support) and negative (e.g., avoiding the victim, blaming the victim, minimizing the abuse) reactions following their disclosure of IPV (e.g., Goodkind, Gillum, Bybee, & Sullivan, 2003; Trotter & Allen, 2009; for a review, see also Sylaska & Edwards, 2014).”
BackgroundTarzia, L., Cornelio, R., Forsdike, K., & Hegarty, K. (2018) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwy019 · Cited by 46
Overstreet, N. M., Willie, T. C., & Sullivan, T. P. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516653753 · Cited by 47
Rieger, A., Blackburn, A. M., Bystrynski, J. B., Garthe, R. C., & Allen, N. E. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001056 · Cited by 49
Self-citationSchaefer, L. M., Howell, K. H., Sheddan, H. C., Napier, T. R., Shoemaker, H. L., & Miller‐Graff, L. E. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519850538 · Cited by 44
“Trotter and Allen (2009) examined both risk and protective factors in a qualitative investigation of IPV-exposed women, in which themes of safety, emotional availability, input, and aid emerged.”
BackgroundAfrouz, R., Crisp, B. R., & Taket, A. R. (2018) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018781102 · Cited by 48
“562 TRAUMA, VIOLENCE, & ABUSE 21(3) However, reactions of friends and family are not always positive or lead to formal and may result in advice which puts a women’s safety in danger by encouraging them to stay with an abusive partner (Evans & Feder, 2014; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundWhat do Australian Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Abuse Want From Family and Friends?
Taket, A. R., O’Doherty, L., Valpied, J., & Hegarty, K. L. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314540054 · Cited by 38
“…from research into women’s experiences with families and friends (Goodkind et al., 2003; Rose & Campbell, 2000), women’s strategies for surviving abuse (Brabeck & Guzmán, 2008; Wilcox, 2000), and informal help seeking (Brabeck & Guzmán, 2009; Fanslow & Robinson, 2010; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundMelgar, P., Campdepadrós, R., Fuentes‐Pumarola, C., & Montalvà, E. M. (2020) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13157 · Cited by 38
Motivations and Barriers to Help-Seeking Among Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Ghana
Rohn, E., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2022) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221137924 · Cited by 37
“Second, there is little qualitative research on help-seeking and disclosure (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundEmpowerment and Advocacy for Domestic Violence Victims
Morgan, M., & Coombes, L. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12049 · Cited by 33
Exploring employee intimate partner violence (IPV) disclosures in the workplace
Kulkarni, S. J., & Ross, T. C. (2016) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2016.1213637 · Cited by 31
“At the same time qualitative research highlights that informal social network support is complex in terms of quality and types of support offered (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundMengo, C. W., Small, E., & Black, B. M. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517729402 · Cited by 30
“In fact, when support is not matched with the needs of the recipients, it could lead to psychological distress (Dakof & Taylor,1990; Sylaska & Edwards, 2014; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
Backgroundvan der Velden, P. G., Oudejans, M., Das, M., Bosmans, M. W. G., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.044 · Cited by 31
Revealing hidden realities: disclosing domestic abuse to informal others
Boethius, S., & Åkerström, M. (2020) · Nordic Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1080/2578983x.2020.1787725 · Cited by 31
Nolet, A.-M., Morselli, C., & Cousineau, M. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801220947169 · Cited by 29
“Email: anne-marie.nolet@umontreal.ca 2000; Trotter & Allen, 2009), it is important to acknowledge that loss of autonomy does not develop strictly within the conjugal relationship.”
BackgroundInfluentialDavies, R. L., Rice, K., & Rock, A. J. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15160 · Cited by 27
Bystander Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence: A Scoping Review of Experiences and Outcomes
Kuskoff, E., & Parsell, C. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231195886 · Cited by 26
“…removing the victim from the situation, listening to the victim, providing emotional or practical support, or referring to IPV services (Beeble et al., 2008; Latta & Goodman, 2011; Moschella & Banyard, 2020; Salter et al., 2021; Taket et al. 2014; Trotter & Allen, 2009; Weitzman et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodProtective Family Informal Social Control of Intimate Partner Violence in Beijing
Emery, C. R., Wu, S.-L., Kim, O., Pyun, C., & Chin, W. W. (2017) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000063 · Cited by 25
“Trotter and Allen (2009) found that 78% of IPV survivors indicated that network members had mixed (both supportive and unsupportive) reactions.”
BackgroundDisclosure of victimization experiences of Chinese male survivors of intimate partner abuse
Simon, C. T., & Wallace, T. W. (2018) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325017694080 · Cited by 25
“Tangible or intangible support given to female survivors facilitates the disclosure of IPA (Bosch and Bergen, 2006; Goodkind et al., 2003; Trotter and Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundRiley, C., & Yamawaki, N. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018781899 · Cited by 22
Stylianou, A. M., Counselman-Carpenter, E. A., & Redcay, A. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518816320 · Cited by 21
“Trotter and Allen (2009) interviewed 48 female IPV survivors seeking services from a community agency in central Illinois.”
BackgroundGoodman, L. A., Epstein, D., Nnawulezi, N. A., Zhang, E., Hailes, H. P., & Slocum, A. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221119517 · Cited by 23
“When survivors do reach out for help from their networks, many do so with reluctance or trepidation (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundResultSandberg, L. J. (2013) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12123 · Cited by 21
Intimate Partner Violence in LGBT Communities
Walters, M. L., & Lippy, C. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118303092.ch36 · Cited by 21
Identifying Factors that Predict Women's Inability to Maintain Separation from an Abusive Partner
Abdulmohsen Alhalal, E., Ford-Gilboe, M., Kerr, M., & Davies, L. (2012) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.714054 · Cited by 20
“These types of negative interactions are a source of daily stress (Tilden & Galyen, 1987; Trotter & Allen, 2009), which impact women’s physiological and psychological well-being (Goodkind, Gillum, Bybee, & Sullivan, 2003; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996), are disempowering, and increase…”
BackgroundHouston-Kolnik, J. D., Todd, N. R., & Greeson, M. R. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12278 · Cited by 27
Akter, M. S., Shahriar, H., Ahmed, N., & Cuzzocrea, A. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020249 · Cited by 21
“In some cases, freedom in digital social media results in detrimental effects, when not well-used, including despair, depression, and even suicide [4, 5].”
BackgroundSocial capital and women’s narratives of homelessness and multiple exclusion in northern England
McGrath, J., Crossley, S. J., Lhussier, M., & Forster, N. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01846-1 · Cited by 20
“Indeed, the very term “social support” has been called into question, because “support connotes images of encouragement and care, suggesting that responses from network members are uniformly positive” ([56]: 222).”
BackgroundGuruge, S., Ford‐Gilboe, M., Samuels-Dennis, J. A., Varcoe, C., Wilk, P., & Wuest, J. (2012) · Nursing Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2012/738905 · Cited by 18
Woerner, J. I., Wyatt, J. P., & Sullivan, T. P. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218811681 · Cited by 19
“For example, Trotter and Allen (2009) found that 78% of victims who disclosed IPV received mixed reactions.”
BackgroundInfluentialMacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., Olszowy, L., Saxton, M. D., & MacQuarrie, B. J. (2016) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00078 · Cited by 17
Radu, M. B., & McManus, L. (2018) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2018.1502105 · Cited by 17
“In addition, accessing financial support from informal support systems, such as families and friends may be challenging because victims’ support systems may blame the victim for the abuse or minimize the violence (Moe 2007; Trotter and Allen 2009).”
BackgroundAmbivalent and Consistent Relationships: The Role of Personal Networks in Cases of Domestic Violence
Bellotti, E., Boethius, S., Åkerström, M., & Hydén, M. (2021) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.v9i4.4545 · Cited by 16
“To describe and explain such complexities, which may happen within a single relationship but also across the whole network (Trotter & Allen, 2009), and which may unveil over time, we propose the concepts of relational ambivalence and consistency, which describe the relational processes by which…”
BackgroundInfluentialOverstreet, N. M., Gaskins, J. L., Quinn, D. M., & Williams, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12218 · Cited by 16
Being Superwoman: Low Income Mothers Surviving Problem Drinking and Intimate Partner Violence
Bohrman, C., Tennille, J. A., Levin, K., Rodgers, M. A., & Rhodes, K. V. (2017) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-017-9932-5 · Cited by 16
Gregory, A. C., Taylor, A. K., Pitt, K., Feder, G. S., & Williamson, E. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519888199 · Cited by 15
“…describe mixed responses, both from different individuals and from the same individual; however, despite negative and mixed responses, the majority of survivors are able to identify at least one person in their network who “provided them with some type of support” (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialViolence against women—social services support during legal proceedings
Ekström, V. (2014) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2014.951600 · Cited by 17
“The responses that women receive may be perceived either as positive or negative (Moe, 2007; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundCivil Protection Orders and their Courtroom Context: the Impact of Gatekeepers on Legal Decisions
Bejinariu, A., Troshynski, E. I., & Miethe, T. D. (2018) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-018-9999-7 · Cited by 17
“^ These informal interpreters include other family members or friends of the victim and/or offender who provide language assistance and support to victims while they navigate an Englishspeaking courtroom (Lemon 2006; Sylaska and Edwards 2014; Trotter and Allen 2009; Weisz et al. 2007).”
Violência contra a Mulher, Casas-Abrigo e Redes Sociais: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura
Krenkel, S., & Moré, C. L. O. O. (2017) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/1982-3703000192016 · Cited by 14
“…ajuda médica e religiosa, a polícia, curandeiras, benzedeiras, serviços de saúde e judiciais (Bruschi, Paula, & Bordin, 2006; Hadeed & El-Bassel, 2006; Lettiere & Nakano, 2011; Postmus, Severson, Berry, & Yoo, 2009; Sabina & Tindale, 2008; Sayem, Begum, & Moneesha, 2015; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
Tracy, M., Chong, L. S., Strully, K. W., Gordis, E. B., Cerdá, M., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00578-8 · Cited by 13
“…domestic and gender-based violence may spread through households and high schools (Banyard et al., 2022; Sandberg et al., 2021), while the reactions of members of one’s social network to domestic violence disclosures may influence survivors’ ability to access support (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundMazur, J., Tabak, I., & Zawadzka, D. (2017) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-017-9206-7 · Cited by 18
‘She Knew What was Coming’: Knowledge and Domestic Violence in Social Work Education
Robbins, R. (2014) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2014.898748 · Cited by 13
Resources for domestic violence in the Canadian workplace: Results of a pan-Canadian survey
MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., & MacQuarrie, B. J. (2017) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2017.1349612 · Cited by 13
“Many negative experiences, however, are also reported (MacGregor et al., 2016b; McFerran, 2011; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundAre Effects of Violence on Life Satisfaction Gendered? A Case Study of Indigenous Australians
Jayasinghe, M. S., Selvanathan, E. A., & Selvanathan, S. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00219-7 · Cited by 13
Female Intimate Partner Violence Survivors’ Experiences With Disclosure to Informal Network Members
Johnson, I. D., & Belenko, S. R. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519843282 · Cited by 13
“The two most commonly experienced reactions (INMs listening to their feelings and urging them to talk about how they felt) were also identified as being among the most commonly experienced by both Mahlstedt and Keeny (1993) and Trotter and Allen (2009).”
BackgroundResultFlynn, C., Couturier, P., Turcotte, S., Dubé, K., Lévesque, C., Côté, P.-B., & Lapierre, S. (2022) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221083329 · Cited by 15
“This is a troubling finding, because family and friends are the primary sources of support for women who experience abuse (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundBasilio, D. D., Guglielmucci, F., & Livanou, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.919943 · Cited by 15
“However, DA literature indicated that victims who make multiple attempts to leave might experience a gradual decrease in the support received from their loved ones, and friends and family members might also withdraw from the victim if they fear the perpetrator’s retaliation (Goodkind et al., 2003; Trotter and Allen, 2…”
BackgroundGoodman‐Williams, R., Simmons, C., Chiaramonte, D. M., Ayeni, O. O., Guerrero, M., Sprecher, M., & Sullivan, C. M. (2023) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000686 · Cited by 12
Ahrens, C. E., Dworkin, E. R., & Hart, A. C. (2020) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684320975663 · Cited by 12
“…consistent with previous research conducted with survivors of IPV which have found emotional support and tangible aid to be common social reactions from support providers (BonnanWhite et al., 2015; DePrince et al., 2014; Edwards & Dardis, 2020; Edwards, Dardis, et al., 2015; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialUm, M. Y., Lee, J. O., Kim, H. J., Rice, E. R. W., & Palinkas, L. A. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01977-8 · Cited by 12
Kern, S. M., Stacy, S. E., Kozina, R. M., Ripley, A. J., & Clapp, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22693 · Cited by 11
Yndo, M. C., Weston, R., & Marshall, L. L. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218805579 · Cited by 11
“Our findings are consistent with research that indicates the majority of women do perceive a mix of both positive and negative social reactions (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
BackgroundResultDet besvärliga våldet : Socialtjänstens stöd till kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relationer
Ekström, V. (2016) · Linköping studies in arts and science · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-130941 · Cited by 15
Communicating a History of Sexual Trauma: Partner Responses to Women's Disclosure
Lukacena, K. M., & Mark, K. P. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211034217 · Cited by 9
Sandberg, L. J. (2016) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353516652917 · Cited by 9
“Patriarchal and matriarchal network responses Similar to other studies (e.g. Trotter & Allen, 2009), narratives on responses to IPV were indeed multidimensional; voices within the same network but also within the same person were often complex and contradictory.”
BackgroundHernández, R. R., & Aguilar, L. O. (2018) · Trabajo Social Hoy · doi:10.12960/tsh.2018.0001 · Cited by 7
Cuzzocrea, A., Akter, M. S., Shahriar, H., & Bringas, P. G. (2025) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi17020084 · Cited by 8
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L’évolution du réseau social des femmes victimes de violence conjugale
Nolet, A.-M., Morselli, C., & Cousineau, M. (2019) · Criminologie · doi:10.7202/1065865ar · Cited by 5
Interpreting Community Accountability: Citizen Views of Responding to Domestic Violence (or Not)
Hess, J. Z., Allen, N. E., & Todd, N. R. (2014) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2011.1123 · Cited by 5
Self-citationIntimate partner violence among LGBTQ+ college students
Edwards, K. M., & Sylaska, K. M. (2014) · doi:10.34051/p/2020.210 · Cited by 5
Kuskoff, E., & Parsell, C. (2024) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00759-z · Cited by 4
“Taket et al. (2014) and Trotter and Allen (2009) found that many domestic violence victims do not appreciate direct advice from bystanders, as it can make them feel pressured to follow the advice against their own instincts.”
Anitha, S. (2022) · Families Relationships and Societies · doi:10.1332/204674321x16503896240061 · Cited by 6
Goodman, L. A., Chronister, K. M., Gutowski, E. R., Mendoza, M., & Kumar, N. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00553-3 · Cited by 5
“…including abusers’ isolation tactics; survivors’ sense of shame or desire not to burden others; or network members’ exhaustion, minimization or misunderstanding of abuse, or entanglement in their own hardships and stressors (Chronister et al., 2021; Goodman et al, 2022b; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
Miller‐Graff, L. E., Howell, K. H., Paulson, J. L., & Jamison, L. E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.023 · Cited by 5
Mishra, A., Miller, J. G., & Wood, C. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03502-4 · Cited by 5
Horst, K. (2013) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 4
Perceived Parental Support in Teen Dating Violence
Fitzpatrick, J. M. (2022) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swac008 · Cited by 3
Development and validation of the Informal Supporter Readiness Inventory (ISRI)
Davies, R. L., Rice, K., & Rock, A. J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296770 · Cited by 3
Coping Resources of Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: An Ecological Perspective
Slabbert, I. (2017) · Die maatskaplikewerk-navorser-praktisyn/The social work practitioner-researcher · doi:10.25159/2415-5829/2197 · Cited by 3
Dimbuene, Z. T., Ahinkorah, B. O., & Amugsi, D. A. (2025) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-025-02037-7 · Cited by 3
Dynamics of intimate partner violence - cycle of abuse
Provic, I. (2024) · Temida · doi:10.2298/tem2403401p · Cited by 2
The Social Response to Survivors of Attempted Intimate Partner Homicide
Avieli, H. (2025) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012251319318 · Cited by 2
“…the police or intervening during an assault, receiving advice from support providers, telling survivors to break up with their partner, providing a neutral perspective, and explaining the partner ’ s behavior and indifference (Ahrens et al., 2021; Edwards et al., 2012; Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
Understanding Intimate Partner Violence Through Its Dynamics
Katerndahl, D. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4998-0_22 · Cited by 2
Del laberinto hasta el camino hacia la recuperación de la violencia
de Alencar-Rodrigues, R., & Espinosa, L. M. C. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.30849/rip/ijp.v47i1.202 · Cited by 2
“…social ha sido objeto de muchos estudios sobre variables asociadas al cese de la violencia de género en la pareja, pues actúa como amortiguador del estrés y favorece el desarrollo de estrategias de afrontamiento (Barnett, 2001; Kocot & Goodman, 2003; Trotter & Allen, 2009; Waldrop & Resick, 2004).”
BackgroundPrivate crises/public reponses: A nascent model
Model, L. W. P. C. P. R. A. N. (2012) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.14504901125 · Cited by 2
Women aged 45-64 and IPV in Cyprus
Parlalis, S. K. (2016) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-11-2015-0033 · Cited by 2
Nolet, A.-M., Cousineau, M., & Morselli, C. (2021) · Canadian social work review · doi:10.7202/1075109ar · Cited by 2
Online support and domestic violence : negotiating discourses, emotions, and actions
Berg, K. (2015) · London Met Repository (London Metropolitan University) · Cited by 2
Simorangkir, D. N. (2025) · Feminist Encounters A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics · doi:10.20897/femenc/16791 · Cited by 2
“On the other hand, barriers include fear of victim-blaming, avoidance by the disclosure recipient and minimisation of the abuse (Goodkind et al., 2003; Trotter and Allen, 2009).”
Examining Risk and Victim Agency in Bystander Interventions in Intimate Partner Violence
Kuskoff, E., Mols, H., & Parsell, C. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251408135 · Cited by 1
Intimate Partner Violence and Homelessness among Women: The Role of the YWCA to Rebuild Their Lives
Tabassum, F., Ahmed, R., Jahan, F., & Zawad, M. R. A. (2023) · Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies · doi:10.32996/jhsss.2023.5.10.6 · Cited by 2
Goodman, L. A., Epstein, D., Zhang, E., Xie, C., Mueller-Hsia, J. K., & Slocum, A. (2024) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00780-2 · Cited by 1
“But often, the responses of an IPV survivor’s informal network are detrimental instead; in one sample, 78% of survivors reported receiving negative or mixed responses (Trotter & Allen, 2009).”
Elder, E. (2016) · Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University) · Cited by 1
Incarcerated Men and the Etiology of Intimate Partner Violence
Swogger, R. M. (2016) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Trotter, J. L., & Allen, N. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Nicole E.
- ORCID
- Allen, Nicole E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03-31
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 221-231
- ISSN
- 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2770
- OpenAlex
- W2077953501
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- domestic violence, intimate partner violence, victims of domestic violence, informal social networks, social support, family and friends, emotional availability, safety, survivor experiences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitude, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Social Support, Domestic Violence, Survivors, Battered Women, Young Adult
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