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Cited by 76LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyGender Roles and Identity StudiesGender, Sexuality, and Education

Non-binary and binary gender identity in Australian trans and gender diverse individuals

Cheung, Ada S., Leemaqz, Shalem Y., Wong, John W. P., Chew, Denise, Ooi, Olivia, Cundill, Pauline, Silberstein, Nicholas, Locke, Peter +4 more·2020·Archives of Sexual Behavior
DOI 10.1007/s10508-020-01689-9
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Abstract

Many trans and gender diverse (TGD) people have gender identities that are not exclusively male or female but instead fall in-between or outside of the gender binary (non-binary). It remains unclear if and how those with non-binary gender identity differ from TGD individuals with binary identities. We aimed to understand the sociodemographic and mental health characteristics of people with non-binary identities compared with binary TGD identities. We performed a retrospective audit of new consultations for gender dysphoria between 2011 and 2016 in three clinical settings in Melbourne, Australia; (1) Equinox Clinic, an adult primary care clinic, (2) an adult endocrine specialist clinic, and (3) the Royal Children's Hospital, a child and adolescent specialist referral clinic. Age (grouped by decade), gender identity, sociodemographic, and mental health conditions were recorded. Of 895 TGD individuals, 128 (14.3%) had a non-binary gender. Proportions differed by clinical setting; 30.4% of people attending the adult primary care clinic, 7.4% attending the adult endocrine specialist clinic, and 8.0% attending the pediatric clinic identified as non-binary. A total of 29% of people in the 21-30-year-old age-group had a non-binary gender identity, higher than all other age-groups. Compared to TGD people with a binary gender identity, non-binary people had lower rates of gender-affirming interventions, and a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, and illicit drug use. Tailoring clinical services to be inclusive of non-binary people and strategies to support mental health are required. Further research to better understand health needs and guide evidence-based gender-affirming interventions for non-binary people are needed.

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Authors
Cheung, A. S., Leemaqz, S. Y., Wong, J. W. P., Chew, D., Ooi, O., Cundill, P., Silberstein, N., Locke, P., Zwickl, S., Grayson, R., Zajac, J. D., & Pang, K. C.
Affiliations
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • The University of Adelaide (AU)
  • The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
  • Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author
Cheung, Ada S.
ORCID
Venue
Archives of Sexual Behavior
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-04-13
Volume
49
Issue
7
Pages
2673-2681
ISSN
  • 0004-0002 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2800
DOI
10.1007/s10508-020-01689-9
OpenAlex
W3015430292
Cited by
76
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8
FWCI
10.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Archives of Sexual Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (1143333)
  • Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation (Clinical Investigator Award)
  • The Endocrine Society of Australia (Postdoctoral Award)
  • Royal Australasian College of Physicians (Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation Fellowship)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
Keywords
non-binary gender identity, gender dysphoria, trans and gender diverse people, gender-affirming interventions, mental health, depression, anxiety, illicit drug use, sociodemographic factors, age differences, primary care, endocrine clinic
MeSH terms
Adult, Australia, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult, Transgender Persons

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