CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 782LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyGender and Feminist StudiesGender Roles and Identity Studies

Non-binary or genderqueer genders

Open access
Richards, Christina, Bouman, Walter Pierre, Seal, Leighton, Barker, Meg John, Nieder, Timo O., T’Sjoen, Guy·2016·International Review of Psychiatry
DOI 10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Some people have a gender which is neither male nor female and may identify as both male and female at one time, as different genders at different times, as no gender at all, or dispute the very idea of only two genders. The umbrella terms for such genders are 'genderqueer' or 'non-binary' genders. Such gender identities outside of the binary of female and male are increasingly being recognized in legal, medical and psychological systems and diagnostic classifications in line with the emerging presence and advocacy of these groups of people. Population-based studies show a small percentage--but a sizable proportion in terms of raw numbers--of people who identify as non-binary. While such genders have been extant historically and globally, they remain marginalized, and as such--while not being disorders or pathological in themselves--people with such genders remain at risk of victimization and of minority or marginalization stress as a result of discrimination. This paper therefore reviews the limited literature on this field and considers ways in which (mental) health professionals may assist the people with genderqueer and non-binary gender identities and/or expressions they may see in their practice. Treatment options and associated risks are discussed.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • People experiencing some form of gender incongruence who would previously be considered non-transsexual, and therefore not eligible for 'classical' gender affirming treatment, may now be eligible for some form of medical treatment.

    “As a result, people experiencing some form of gender incongruence who would previously be considered non-transsexual [135], and therefore not eligible for ‘classical’ gender affirming treatment (hormones first, followed by various types of surgery), may now be eligible for some form of medical treatment.”

    From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [135]

    In “Prevalence of studies in the literature” (page not supplied), the paper says non-binary people may previously have been diagnosed with gender identity disorder not otherwise specified and that some feared disclosing their identity would prevent them from receiving desired physical treatment. It discusses hormonal and surgical options for non-binary people, but does not establish that they were categorically ineligible for classical treatment or specify a change in eligibility. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Retention of gender incongruence of childhood in the ICD-11 helps to preserve access to care for a vulnerable and already stigmatized group.

    “Retention helps to preserve access to care for a vulnerable and already stigmatized group [135].”

    From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [135]

    The section “Diagnostic classification concerning non-binary people” (page unavailable) says gender diagnoses have been retained for pragmatic reasons connected to access to interventions, and describes discrimination against this group. It does not address retaining the specific ICD-11 diagnosis of gender incongruence of childhood or say that its retention preserves children’s access to care. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Connell, R. (2005). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  2. Harper, C. (2007). Intersex. Oxford: Berg.
  3. Nieder, T.O. (2014). Praxisbuch Sexuelle Sto ¨rungen: Sexuelle Gesundheit, Sexualmedizin, Psychotherapie sexueller Sto ¨rungen Chapter: Entfernt, das andere Geschlecht, um genderqueerness :Eine theoretische und praktische Anna ¨herung[ From being the other sex to genderqueerness: A theoretical and practical approximation]. In K. Schweizer, F. Brunner, S. Cerwenka, T. O. Nieder & P. Briken (Eds.), Sex and Gender: Perspectives from psychosocial, cultural and sex sciences (pp. 167-179). Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag.
  4. Richards, C. & Seal, L. (2014). Reproductive issues for trans people. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 40(4), 245-247.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., Seal, L., Barker, M. J., Nieder, T. O., & T’Sjoen, G.
Affiliations
  • Charing Cross Hospital (GB)
  • The Open University (GB)
  • University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
Corresponding author
Richards, Christina
ORCID
Venue
International Review of Psychiatry
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2016-01-02
Volume
28
Issue
1
Pages
95-102
ISSN
  • 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
  • 1369-1627
DOI
10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446
OpenAlex
W2233865108
Cited by
782
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
FWCI
11.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords
non-binary gender, genderqueer, gender identity, gender expression, gender binary, marginalization, discrimination, victimization, minority stress, mental health professionals, treatment options, diagnostic classification
MeSH terms
Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Sexual Behavior, Transsexualism, Homosexuality, Male, Homosexuality, Female, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Transgender Persons

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review