Cannabis sativa L. growing on heavy metal contaminated soil: growth, cadmium uptake and photosynthesis
Open accessAbstract
The effects of different cadmium concentrations [17 mg(Cd) kg-1(soil) and 72 mg(Cd) kg- 1(soil)] on Cannabis sativa L. growth and photosynthesis were examined. Hemp roots showed a high tolerance to Cd, i.e. more than 800 mg(Cd) kg-1(d.m.) in roots had no major effect on hemp growth, whereas in leaves and stems concentrations of 50 - 100 mg(Cd) kg-1(d.m.) had a strong effect on plant viability and vitality. For control of heavy metal uptake and xylem loading in hemp roots, the soil pH plays a central role. Photosynthetic performance and regulation of light energy consumption were analysed using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. Seasonal changes in photosynthetic performance were visible in control plants and plants growing on soil with 17 mg(Cd) kg-1(soil). Energy distribution in photosystem 2 is regulated in low and high energy phases that allow optimal use of light and protect photosystem 2 from overexcitation, respectively. Photosynthesis and energy dissipation were negatively influenced by 72 mg(Cd) kg-1(soil). Cd had detrimental effects on chlorophyll synthesis, water splitting apparatus, reaction centre, antenna and energy distribution of PS 2. Under moderate cadmium concentrations, i.e. 17 mg(Cd) kg-1(soil), hemp could preserve growth as well as the photosynthesis apparatus, and long-term acclimation to chronically Cd stress occurred.
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Industrial hemp has been reported to be a hyperaccumulator.
“Industrial hemp has been reported to be a hyperaccumulator [2], [7], [8], [9].”
From Enhanced tolerance of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants on abandoned mine land soil leads to overexpression of cannabinoids (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
The Discussion reports that hemp roots showed “somewhat hyperaccumulator-like potential” for cadmium, but says this depended on plant development stage and that older roots lost this ability. It does not classify industrial hemp as a hyperaccumulator without those qualifications; the Conclusion instead calls it a Cd-tolerant candidate for phytoextraction. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA previous study confirmed metal accumulation in both hemp roots and above ground tissues without noticeable changes in plant growth and morphology.
“A previous study confirmed metal accumulation in both hemp roots and above ground tissues without noticeable changes in plant growth and morphology.”
From Enhanced tolerance of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants on abandoned mine land soil leads to overexpression of cannabinoids (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results (page unavailable) report cadmium accumulation in hemp roots, stems, and leaves. The Discussion (page unavailable) says plants grown at 17 mg Cd/kg soil had no major reduction in total biomass, but higher cadmium concentrations significantly reduced growth; the Results also describe chlorosis and necrosis at the higher concentration. The claim therefore omits the dose-dependent growth and visible effects, and the paper does not establish unchanged morphology generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLinger et al. [8] reported no differences in germination percentage under exposure to Cadmium using the USO 31 variety.
“Linger et al. [8] reported no differences in germination percentage under exposure to Cadmium using the USO 31 variety.”
From Enhanced tolerance of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants on abandoned mine land soil leads to overexpression of cannabinoids (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
The Materials and methods section identifies the cultivar as USO31 and describes germination measurements under two cadmium exposures. The Results section reports no significant difference between the control and the higher-cadmium group, but a significant difference between the control and the lower-cadmium group. Thus, the claim of no differences across cadmium exposure is too broad (page numbers not provided). (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe mechanism of accumulation remained unexplained.
“However, the mechanism of accumulation remained unexplained [8].”
From Enhanced tolerance of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants on abandoned mine land soil leads to overexpression of cannabinoids (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
The Discussion says high cadmium accumulation in hemp roots cannot be explained exclusively by passive ion uptake and proposes phytochelatins as a possible mechanism. It does not establish a complete mechanism, but calling accumulation wholly unexplained overlooks the explanations it offers. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Linger, P., Ostwald, A., & Haensler, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wuppertal (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- Biologia plantarum
- Publisher
- Institute of Experimental Botany
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 567-576
- ISSN
- 0006-3134 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-8264
- OpenAlex
- W2034187151
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biologia Plantarum (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
- Keywords
- Cannabis sativa, hemp, cadmium, heavy metal-contaminated soil, cadmium uptake, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, xylem loading, soil pH, plant growth, cadmium tolerance, seasonal acclimation, energy dissipation
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