Cited by 292Metabolism and Genetic DisordersAmino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismNeurological diseases and metabolism

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Progress in understanding 2‐hydroxyglutaric acidurias

Open access
Kranendijk, Martijn, Struys, Eduard A., Salomons, Gajja S., Van der Knaap, Marjo S., Jakobs, Cornelis·2012·Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease

Abstract

The organic acidurias d‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D‐2‐HGA), l‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L‐2‐HGA), and combined d,l‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D,L‐2‐HGA) cause neurological impairment at young age. Accumulation of d‐2‐hydroxyglutarate (D‐2‐HG) and/or l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate (L‐2‐HG) in body fluids are the biochemical hallmarks of these disorders. The current review describes the knowledge gathered on 2‐hydroxyglutaric acidurias (2‐HGA), since the description of the first patients in 1980. We report on the clinical, genetic, enzymatic and metabolic characterization of D‐2‐HGA type I, D‐2‐HGA type II, L‐2‐HGA and D,L‐2‐HGA, whereas for D‐2‐HGA type I and type II novel clinical information is presented which was derived from questionnaires.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s10545-012-9462-5

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Figures

Fig. 1 2-hydroxyglutaric acid with a chiral center at the 2nd carbon (*)
Fig. 1 2-hydroxyglutaric acid with a chiral center at the 2nd carbon (*)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Enantiomers d- and l-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (D-2-HG and L-2-HG, systemic IUPAC names included)
Fig. 2 Enantiomers d- and l-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (D-2-HG and L-2-HG, systemic IUPAC names included)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Enzymes L-malDH and HOT are responsible for production of D-2-HG and L-2-HG from 2-KG
Fig. 3 Enzymes L-malDH and HOT are responsible for production of D-2-HG and L-2-HG from 2-KGCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Mutations reported in D2HGDH (Misra et al 2005; Struys et al 2005a, b; Haliloglu et al 2009; Kranendijk et al 2010a; Pervaiz et al 2011)
Fig. 4 Mutations reported in D2HGDH (Misra et al 2005; Struys et al 2005a, b; Haliloglu et al 2009; Kranendijk et al 2010a; Pervaiz et al 2011)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 D-2-HG is formed from 2-KG via HOT. D-2-HGDH catalyzes the conversion of D-2-HG to 2-KG. D-2-HG accumulates in D-2-HGA type I patients when D-2-HGDH is impaired
Fig. 5 D-2-HG is formed from 2-KG via HOT. D-2-HGDH catalyzes the conversion of D-2-HG to 2-KG. D-2-HG accumulates in D-2-HGA type I patients when D-2-HGDH is impairedCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Novel IDH2-mutant gain-of-function produces D-2-HG from 2-KG in addition to production of D-2-HG via HOT. It is hypothesized that D-2-HGDH cannot fully metabolize all of the generated D-2-HG, resulting in D-2-HG accumulation in D-2-HGA type II
Fig. 6 Novel IDH2-mutant gain-of-function produces D-2-HG from 2-KG in addition to production of D-2-HG via HOT. It is hypothesized that D-2-HGDH cannot fully metabolize all of the generated D-2-HG, resulting in D-2-HG accumulation in D-2-HGA type IICC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 L-2-HG is formed via the non-specific interaction of L-malDH with 2-KG using NADH. The “enzyme of metabolite repair” L-2-HGDH catalyzes the interconversion of L-2-HG to 2-KG using FAD as cofactor. L-2-HG accumulates in L-2-HGA patients when L-2-HGDH is impaired
Fig. 7 L-2-HG is formed via the non-specific interaction of L-malDH with 2-KG using NADH. The “enzyme of metabolite repair” L-2-HGDH catalyzes the interconversion of L-2-HG to 2-KG using FAD as cofactor. L-2-HG accumulates in L-2-HGA patients when L-2-HGDH is impairedCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 Diagnostic flow chart for 2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias
Fig. 8 Diagnostic flow chart for 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduriasCC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Kranendijk, M., Struys, E. A., Salomons, G. S., Van der Knaap, M. S., & Jakobs, C.
Affiliations
  • Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • Paediatric Neurology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
Corresponding author
Jakobs, Cornelis
Venue
Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2012-03-06
Volume
35
Issue
4
Pages
571-587
ISSN
  • 0141-8955 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2665
OpenAlex
W2058747828
Cited by
292
References
93
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
FWCI
2.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
Keywords
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, D-2-hydroxyglutarate, L-2-hydroxyglutarate, organic aciduria, neurological deficit, genetic characterization, enzyme characterization, metabolic characterization, clinical features, patient survey
MeSH terms
Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn

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