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Nature and Nurturing: Parenting in the Context of Child Temperament
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Accounting for both bidirectional and interactive effects between parenting and child temperament can fine-tune theoretical models of the role of parenting and temperament in children's development of adjustment problems. Evidence for bidirectional and interactive effects between parenting and children's characteristics of frustration, fear, self-regulation, and impulsivity was reviewed, and an overall model of children's individual differences in response to parenting is proposed. In general, children high in frustration, impulsivity and low in effortful control are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of negative parenting, while in turn, many negative parenting behaviors predict increases in these characteristics. Frustration, fearfulness, and effortful control also appear to elicit parenting behaviors that can predict increases in these characteristics. Irritability renders children more susceptible to negative parenting behaviors. Fearfulness operates in a very complex manner, sometimes increasing children's responses to parenting behaviors and sometimes mitigating them and apparently operating differently across gender. Important directions for future research include the use of study designs and analytic approaches that account for the direction of effects and for developmental changes in parenting and temperament over time.
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“Research has shown that inhibited or avoidant temperament in as early as infancy can elicit protective parental behaviors and negative interactions with same-aged peers (162, 163), that may increase the individual's threat perception of social interactions and exacerbate social-evaluative anxiety over time.”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [162]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kiff, C. J., Lengua, L. J., & Zalewski, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lengua, Liliana J.
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2011-04-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 251-301
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- PMC
- PMC3163750
- OpenAlex
- W1971476163
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD054465)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- parenting, child temperament, bidirectional effects, interaction effects, frustration, fearfulness, effortful control, impulsivity, self-regulation, negative parenting, irritability, child adjustment problems, individual differences, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Behavior, Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Temperament, Parenting
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