Cited by 210Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaCounseling Practices and Supervision

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Addressing the “Myth” of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color

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Saleem, Farzana T., Anderson, Riana E., Williams, Monnica·2020·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

DOI 10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1PMC PMC8845073

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Abstract

Trauma is prevalent among children and adolescents, with youth of color generally reporting greater exposure compared to White youth. One factor that may account for this difference is racial stress, which can manifest into trauma symptoms. Although racial stress and trauma (RST) significantly impacts youth of color, most of the research to date has focused on adult populations. In addition, little attention has been given to the impact of the ecological context in how youth encounter and cope with RST. As such, we propose the Developmental and Ecological Model of Youth Racial Trauma (DEMYth-RT), a conceptual model of how racial stressors manifest to influence the trauma symptomatology of children and adolescents of color. Within developmental periods, we explore how individual, family, and community processes influence youth's symptoms and coping. We also discuss challenges to identifying racial trauma in young populations according to clinician limitations and the post-traumatic stress disorder framework within the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (DSM-5). The article concludes with implications on applying DEMYth-RT in clinical and research settings to address RST for youth of color.

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“…in response to racial trauma shift over the course of development, long-term mental health outcomes of school-based racial trauma (Douglass et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2020) are important to consider, given that, over-all, children of color report higher exposure to trauma (Saleem et al., 2020).”
Influential
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Edwards, T., Clarke, M. K., & Laylor, A. (2024) · doi:10.32920/25000172.v1 · Cited by 1
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When they see us : an initial development and evaluation of a culturally responsive police interaction training for black adolescents with ASD
Davenport, M. (2021) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/88048
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Cavanagh, C., Simmons, C., O’Malley, R. L., Frick, P. J., Steinberg, L. D., & Cauffman, E. E. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2051522
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“With the formal operational thought, deductive reasoning, and problem-solving skills present during middle to late adolescence, youth of color may employ disassociation or compartmentalizing coping strategies to deal with racial discrimination (Saleem et al., 2020).”
Background
Empowerment Pathways: A Mitigation Approach to Adolescent and Youth Racial Stress in Marginalized Populations
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“Saleem, Anderson & Williams, in a study on trauma (Saleem, Anderson & Williams, 2019) report that ‘Trauma is prevalent among children and adolescents, with youth of colour generally reporting greater exposure compared to White youth apparently due to racial stress’.”
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“, a strong correlate of historically disparate climate and safety outcomes of students of color (Edwards, 2021; Saleem et al., 2020).”
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“…exposure may be especially salient/unique for racial/ ethnic minorities where discrimination and marginalization could contribute to increased exposure to traumatic events/ potentially traumatic events as well as differing post-trauma symptomatology (Bernard et al., 2021; Saleem et al., 2020).”
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“For example, structural racism embodies a set of White-dominant, legalistic, cultural, and historical norms and values that intentionally disadvantage and wound people of color (Jones et al., 2023; Saleem et al., 2020).”
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Maercker, A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009629744.006
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“…need for a discrimination-sensitive approach among younger participants with higher mental distress can be understood in the context of identity formation and life transitions typical of this stage, reflecting their desire for support during critical phases of personal and social development [88].”
Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Diverse Youth
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Assessing Children and Adolescents Exposed to Trauma
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“For example, youth of color experience racialized trauma (Saleem et al., 2020), and youth exposed to substance use are more likely to experience trauma than their peers (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2018).”
Online racial discrimination, racial-ethnic identity beliefs, and racism-based traumatic stress symptoms among racially-ethnically minoritized adolescents
Willis, H. A., Polanco-Roman, L. A., & Galán, C. A. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09068-8 · Cited by 1
“Second, the developmental and ecological model of youth racial trauma (DEMYth-RT) highlights how chronic exposure and re-exposure to racial discrimination over time leads to the emergence of traumatic stress symptoms (Saleem et al., 2020).”
Influential
Stepping Stones: A Starting Point for Integration of Racial–Ethnic Protective Factors in Clinical Practice for Pediatric Behavioral Health Clinicians
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Authors: Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
University of Michigan (US)
University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Saleem, Farzana T.
ORCID: Saleem, Farzana T.
Anderson, Riana E.
Williams, Monnica
Venue: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-10-23
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-14
ISSN: 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
1573-2827
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1
PMC: PMC8845073
OpenAlex: W2982208430
Cited by: 210
References: 157
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 4.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (P30AG015281)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Keywords: racial trauma, racial stress, youth of color, children and adolescents, trauma symptoms, coping, family and community context, post-traumatic stress disorder, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, conceptual model
MeSH terms: Psychological Trauma, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Models, Psychological, Stress, Psychological, Racism

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Addressing the “Myth” of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color

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