The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 157 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Addressing the “Myth” of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color
Open accessAbstract
Trauma is prevalent among children and adolescents, with youth of color generally reporting greater exposure compared to White youth. One factor that may account for this difference is racial stress, which can manifest into trauma symptoms. Although racial stress and trauma (RST) significantly impacts youth of color, most of the research to date has focused on adult populations. In addition, little attention has been given to the impact of the ecological context in how youth encounter and cope with RST. As such, we propose the Developmental and Ecological Model of Youth Racial Trauma (DEMYth-RT), a conceptual model of how racial stressors manifest to influence the trauma symptomatology of children and adolescents of color. Within developmental periods, we explore how individual, family, and community processes influence youth's symptoms and coping. We also discuss challenges to identifying racial trauma in young populations according to clinician limitations and the post-traumatic stress disorder framework within the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (DSM-5). The article concludes with implications on applying DEMYth-RT in clinical and research settings to address RST for youth of color.
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“BIPOC individuals rarely identify with one single occurrence of racial trauma. Instead, they generally find themselves within two main categories of traumatic experiences based on their skin color: major racial trauma and everyday racial trauma”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Saleem et al., 2020
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“Recent studies also explicate the impact of race-based stress and trauma (i.e., traumatic stress reactions elicited by racial discrimination) on biopsychosocial outcomes among youth of color (39–41).”
From Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
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Cites
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“A traumatic event is a dangerous, frightening, or violent incident that involves actual or threatened death or a threat to the bodily integrity of self or others (American Psychiatric Association 2013, p. 271).”
BackgroundDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
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“2003; Steele 1997) and the concept of “model-minority” can exacerbate feelings of RST throughout adolescence and into adulthood (Awad et al.”
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Cited by
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Items 201–210 of 210
Metzger, I. W., Adams, S. J., Smith, K., Barrie, D. L. L., Surprenant, B., Bartolomeo, L. A., Rea, K. E., Nguyen, J., Brown, J., Brown, C., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.70072
The Critical Iceberg Model: A Teaching Tool to Support and Anchor Student Critical Thinking
Safyer, P., & Ferguson, K. M. (2026) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2026.2659586
“…by a perpetrator during childhood, and can remain invisible in a culture of White supremacy to researchers and practitioners alike, suggests that the trauma experienced by historically excluded populations and communities may, too, be overlooked (Lewis-O’Connor et al., 2019; Saleem et al., 2020).”
Golden, T. L., Ng, T. W. C., Mohanty, A., Block, S. J., Tiedemann, A., & Magsamen, S. H. (2026) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2026.1837334
“…racial inequalities, including first and second-hand experiences of racism such as the deaths of Black Americans at the hands of police officers and COVID-related violence against Asian Americans, have contributed to psychological distress that impacts youths’ mental health and wellbeing (24, 25).”
It’s a Life Lesson: The Role of Unconditional Cash in Financial Socialization of Youth
Perry, M., Chen, Z., Castro, A., West, S., & Nichols, B. (2026) · Journal of Applied Youth Studies · doi:10.1007/s43151-026-00214-4
Farahi, S. M. M. M., & Cénat, J. M. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01461-x
“…racialized individuals as repetitive exposure to racism might lead to racial trauma and mental health issues (Cénat, 2023; Comas-Díaz et al., 2019; Saleem et al., 2020) and influence neural circuits involved in emotion regulation, threat detection, and cognitive control (Cole et al., 2024; Fani…”
Measuring Daily Ethnic and Racial Discrimination
English, D., Gilmore, A., Chavez, E., Carter, J. C., Talan, A. J., Rendina, H. J., Millar, B., & Taggart, T. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009351478.011
Systemically Trauma-Informed Practice: Enacting the Mutuality of Academic Rigor and Care
Goldin, S., Duane, A. M., Khasnabis, D., & Venet, A. S. (2026) · The Educational Forum · doi:10.1080/00131725.2026.2686427
“This is especially important for students of color, whose school experiences may include race-related stressors with traumatic effects (Saleem et al., 2020).”
Racial trauma and substance use in college students: Experiential avoidance and ethnic identity
Shin-Hwang, J., Koch, J. M., Kim, S. H., & Yi, H. J. (2026) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2026.2685589
Saleem, F. T., Johnson, W. K. L., Wallace, D. A., Rembert, W., Liu, S., & Langley, A. K. (2026) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70260
Self-citationGrupp, F., Tudorache, A., Weise, C., Weiner, L., & Yohannes, S. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2714601
“…have been well documented by past research (Brooks Holliday et al., 2020; Schouler-Ocak & Moran, 2023), and a compelling literature base has provided evidence for an association between racial discrimination and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Comas-Díaz et al., 2019; Saleem et al., 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Saleem, Farzana T.
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2019-10-23
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- PMC
- PMC8845073
- OpenAlex
- W2982208430
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG015281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- racial trauma, racial stress, youth of color, children and adolescents, trauma symptoms, coping, family and community context, post-traumatic stress disorder, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, conceptual model
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Models, Psychological, Stress, Psychological, Racism
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