The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An Examination of the African American Experience of Everyday Discrimination and Symptoms of Psychological Distress
Abstract
Current theoretical models suggest that the most potent and impacting discrimination experienced by African Americans in the post Jim Crow era are subtle and unconscious forms of discrimination that are experienced on a daily basis. This study investigates the relationship between perceived everyday discrimination and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Further, we examine gender as a moderator of this relationship. Data come from the 1995 Detroit Area Study data with 570 African American respondents. Results indicate that perceived discrimination is directly related to both symptoms of depression and anxiety. Gender moderates the relationship between discrimination and anxiety symptoms, but not discrimination and depressive symptoms. Overall, different patterns of relationships were apparent for men and women.
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“In the first category, psychosocial processes either exist within an individual as pre-existing “vulnerability” factor [e.g., distress20–22, trauma23, 24] or emerge for the first time in response to the experience of ongoing pain [e.g., fear-avoidance behavior 25, self-efficacy26, 27].”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
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“higher levels of pre-surgical emotional distress were associated with more postsurgical pain and impairment 20, 40.”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
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Cites
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Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
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Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
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Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,830
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Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.
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Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016059 · Cited by 4,427
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies: Guidelines for the Counseling Profession
Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar‐McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12035 · Cited by 1,430
Methods for the Scientific Study of Discrimination and Health: An Ecosocial Approach
Krieger, N. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300544 · Cited by 854
Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes
Meints, S. M., & Edwards, R. R. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017 · Cited by 719
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M.
- Affiliations
- Illinois Wesleyan University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banks, Kira Hudson
- Venue
- Community Mental Health Journal
- Published
- 2006-08-04
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 555-570
- ISSN
- 0010-3853 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2789
- OpenAlex
- W1985110427
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 30.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Community Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- African Americans, everyday discrimination, perceived discrimination, psychological distress, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, gender differences, moderating effect of gender, Detroit Area Study
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Black or African American, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Black People
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