Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
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This article examines the extent to which racial differences in socio-economic status (SES), social class and acute and chronic indicators of perceived discrimination, as well as general measures of stress can account for black-white differences in self-reported measures of physical and mental health. The observed racial differences in health were markedly reduced when adjusted for education and especially income. However, both perceived discrimination and more traditional measures of stress are related to health and play an incremental role in accounting for differences between the races in health status. These findings underscore the need for research efforts to identify the complex ways in which economic and non-economic forms of discrimination relate to each other and combine with socio-economic position and other risk factors and resources to affect health.
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The social stress paradigm holds that disadvantaged groups have worse physical and mental health than advantaged groups because they face more stressors, lifetime adversity, and fewer socioeconomic resources.
“The SSP posits that groups of disadvantaged status will have poorer physical and mental health outcomes than groups of advantaged status due to increased exposure to stressors, lifetime adversity, and fewer socioeconomic resources”
From Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. (2021) · cites this paper as Williams et al. 1997
The mean everyday discrimination score in the study sample was 8.36 (SD 9.421) on a 0-45 scale.
“however, on a scale of 0–45, the mean was relatively low at 8.36 (SD 9.421).”
From Using a health equity lens to measure patient experiences of care in diverse health care settings (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the study sample, 63% reported experiencing some form of discrimination in their everyday lives.
“In the study sample, using the Everyday Discrimination Scale [80], 63% reported experiencing some form of discrimination in their everyday lives”
From Using a health equity lens to measure patient experiences of care in diverse health care settings (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 335-351
- ISSN
- 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7277
- OpenAlex
- W2132406025
- Cited by
- 4,786
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 346 · 2025: 442 · 2024: 425 · 2023: 338 · 2022: 399 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 278 · 2019: 290 · 2018: 227 · 2017: 224 · 2016: 188 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 19.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- racial differences in health, Black-White health disparities, perceived discrimination, socioeconomic status, social class, stress, income, physical health, mental health, self-reported health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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