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Measuring perceived social presence in distributed learning groups
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The SPQ has excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92) and good construct validity.
“The SPQ has shown excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92) and good construct validity as evidenced by confirmatory factor analysis (Kreijns et al., 2011).”
From The impact of AI-assisted pair programming on student motivation, programming anxiety, collaborative learning, and programming performance: a comparative study with traditional pair programming and individual approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Kreijns et al., 2011
The passages available from our copy identify the article but do not report SPQ reliability or validity results. Searches for Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92, SPQ reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis returned no relevant passage, so the attributed findings cannot be verified from this copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Sorted by citations
Fan, G., Liu, D., Zhang, R., & Pan, L. (2025) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-025-00537-3 · Cited by 109
“5, AI-Assisted Claude 3, Human–Human Pair, and Individual) on students’ perceptions of collaboration and social interaction, as measured by the Collaborative Learning Scale (CLS) and Social Presence Questionnaire (SPQ) at the end of the study period (T3), the result is presented in Table 7.”
InfluentialCaskurlu, S. (2018) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2018.05.002 · Cited by 81
O'Kane, K. M. K., Otamendi, T., Silverberg, N. D., Choi, E., Sicard, V., Zemek, R., Healey, K., Brown, O., Butterfield, L., Smith, A., et al. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/49133 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., Jochems, W., & van Buuren, H.
- Affiliations
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences (NL)
- Open University of the Netherlands (NL)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kreijns, Karel
- Venue
- Education and Information Technologies
- Published
- 2010-07-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 365-381
- ISSN
- 1360-2357 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7608
- OpenAlex
- W2136190688
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 18.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.ou.nl
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Education and Information Technologies (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- perceived social presence, computer-supported collaborative learning, scale development, scale validation, nomological network, social interaction in learning, knowledge construction, self-report measures
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