Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education
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The CoI model highlights the importance of teaching presence, student presence, and cognitive presence to encourage meaningful learning.
“It highlights the importance of the elements of teaching presence, student presence, and cognitive presence to encourage meaningful learning.”
From Collaborative Online Learning across Cultures: the Role of Teaching and Social Presence (2022) · cites this paper as Garrison et al., 1999
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- Authors
- Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Garrison, D.Randy
- Venue
- The Internet and Higher Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 87-105
- ISSN
- 1096-7516 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014858765
- Cited by
- 6,619
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 464 · 2025: 409 · 2024: 439 · 2023: 553 · 2022: 632 · 2021: 527 · 2020: 391 · 2019: 290 · 2018: 264 · 2017: 245 · 2016: 281 · 2015: 291 · 2014: 297 · 2013: 271 · 2012: 266
- FWCI
- 44.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Internet and Higher Education (publishedVersion)
- AUSpace (Athabasca University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Educational Technology in Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- computer conferencing, computer-mediated communication, community of inquiry, cognitive presence, social presence, teaching presence, critical inquiry, higher education, online learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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