Reviewing qualitative research approaches in the context of critical infrastructure resilience
Open accessAbstract
Modern societies are increasingly dependent on the proper functioning of critical infrastructures (CIs). CIs produce and distribute essential goods or services, as for power transmission systems, water treatment and distribution infrastructures, transportation systems, communication networks, nuclear power plants, and information technologies. Being resilient becomes a key property for CIs, which are constantly exposed to threats that can undermine safety, security, and business continuity. Nowadays, a variety of approaches exist in the context of CIs’ resilience research. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the approaches that have a complete qualitative dimension, or that can be used as entry points for semi-quantitative analyses. The study aims to uncover the usage of qualitative research methods through a systematic review based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The paper identifies four principal dimensions of resilience referred to CIs (i.e., techno-centric, organisational, community, and urban) and discusses the related qualitative methods. Besides many studies being focused on energy and transportation systems, the literature review allows to observe that interviews and questionnaires are most frequently used to gather qualitative data, besides a high percentage of mixed-method research. The article aims to provide a synthesis of literature on qualitative methods used for resilience research in the domain of CIs, detailing lessons learned from such approaches to shed lights on best practices and identify possible future research directions.
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Capacity pressures can become visible in overcrowded services, informal settlement growth, and rising social contestation over jobs, housing, and water.
“These pressures can become visible in overcrowded services, informal settlement growth, and rising social contestation over access to jobs, housing, and water (Cantelmi et al., 2021).”
From Climate Security, Water Governance, and Resilience How Climate-Induced Water Stress and Migration Challenge State Capacity (2026) · cites this paper as Cantelmi et al., 2021
The Descriptive findings > Community resilience section (page unavailable) discusses disrupted water and utility services and limited livelihood opportunities after a typhoon. Searches for overcrowded services, informal settlements, and competition over jobs, housing, or water found no passage linking those conditions to capacity pressures. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cardinal Masters in Public Administration, L. U. T., & Zulqarnain, F. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.63125/28gejw48 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cantelmi, R., Di Gravio, G., & Patriarca, R.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Defence (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Patriarca, R.
- Venue
- Environment Systems and Decisions
- Published
- 2021-01-24
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 341-376
- ISSN
- 0251-1088 (ISSN-L)
- 2194-5403
- 2194-5411
- PMC
- PMC7826495
- OpenAlex
- W3121385764
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environment Systems & Decisions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management
- Keywords
- critical infrastructure resilience, qualitative research, mixed methods, questionnaire, energy systems, transport systems, organizational resilience, community resilience, urban resilience
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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