No wheel but a dial: why and how passengers in self-driving cars should decide how their car drives

The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles

Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2654 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works

Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle

Choi, J. K., & Ji, Y. G. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works

Policy and society related implications of automated driving: A review of literature and directions for future research

Milakis, D., van Arem, B., & van Wee, B. (2017) · Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1080/15472450.2017.1291351 · Cited by 963 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment

Gabriel, I. (2020) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-020-09539-2 · Cited by 896 · cited 1× · see citing works

Unprincipled virtue: an inquiry into moral agency

(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2727 · Cited by 776 · see citing works

What drives people to accept automated vehicles? Findings from a field experiment

Xu, Z.-G., Zhang, K.-F., Min, H.-G., Wang, Z., Zhao, X.-M., & Liu, P. (2018) · Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2018.07.024 · Cited by 595 · see citing works

There is a blind spot in AI research

Crawford, K., & Calo, R. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/538311a · Cited by 580 · see citing works

Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract

Rahwan, I. (2018) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-017-9430-8 · Cited by 553 · see citing works

Estimating potential increases in travel with autonomous vehicles for the non-driving, elderly and people with travel-restrictive medical conditions

Harper, C. D., Hendrickson, C. T., Mangones, S. C., & Samaras, C. (2016) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2016.09.003 · Cited by 454 · see citing works

Incorporating Ethics into Artificial Intelligence

Etzioni, A., & Etzioni, O. (2017) · The Journal of Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10892-017-9252-2 · Cited by 388 · see citing works

Psychological roadblocks to the adoption of self-driving vehicles

Shariff, A., Bonnefon, J.-F., & Rahwan, I. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0202-6 · Cited by 336 · see citing works

The Ethics of Accident-Algorithms for Self-Driving Cars: an Applied Trolley Problem?

Nyholm, S., & Smids, J. (2016) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-016-9745-2 · Cited by 332 · see citing works

Driving to Safety: How Many Miles of Driving Would It Take to Demonstrate Autonomous Vehicle Reliability?

Kalra, N., & Paddock, S. M. (2016) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr1478 · Cited by 313 · see citing works

Attitudes and concerns on automated vehicles

Liljamo, T., Liimatainen, H., & Pöllänen, M. (2018) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.08.010 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

Autonomous Cars: In Favor of a Mandatory Ethics Setting

Gogoll, J., & Müller, J. F. (2017) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-016-9806-x · Cited by 251 · see citing works

Machine Ethics and Automated Vehicles

Goodall, N. J. (2014) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7_9 · Cited by 243 · see citing works

Future politics: Living together in a world transformed by tech

Altomonte, J. C. (2022) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2021.2014213 · Cited by 231 · see citing works

Robot Ethics 2.0: From Autonomous Cars to Artificial Intelligence

Lin, P. K., Abney, K., & Jenkins, R. (2017) · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Automated vehicles: exploring possible consequences of government (non)intervention for congestion and accessibility

Cohen, T., & Cavoli, C. (2019) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1524401 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

Never Mind the Trolley: The Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles in Mundane Situations

Himmelreich, J. (2018) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-018-9896-4 · Cited by 170 · see citing works

Public opinion about self-driving vehicles in China, India, Japan, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia

Schoettle, B., & Sivak, M. V. (2014) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Lane changing models: a critical review

Moridpour, S., Sarvi, M., & Rose, G. (2010) · Transportation Letters · doi:10.3328/tl.2010.02.03.157-173 · Cited by 161 · see citing works

The Structural Evolution of Morality

Alexander, J. M. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511550997 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

How Safe Is Safe Enough for Self‐Driving Vehicles?

Liu, P., Run, Y., & Xu, Z. (2018) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13116 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

The Future of Transportation: Ethical, Legal, Social and Economic Impacts of Self-driving Vehicles in the Year 2025

Ryan, M. (2019) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-019-00130-2 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law

Contissa, G., Lagioia, F., & Giovanni Sartor, B. (2017) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-017-9211-z · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Away from Trolley Problems and Toward Risk Management

Goodall, N. J. (2016) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2016.1229922 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Why Trolley Problems Matter for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles

Keeling, G. (2019) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-019-00096-1 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

17. The Evolution of Cooperation

Axelrod, R. (2009) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781503627116-024 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

The ethics of crashes with self‐driving cars: A roadmap, I

Nyholm, S. (2018) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12507 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Automated cars meet human drivers: responsible human-robot coordination and the ethics of mixed traffic

Nyholm, S., & Smids, J. (2018) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-018-9445-9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Our Bodies in the Trolley’s Path, or Why Self-driving Cars Must *Not* Be Programmed to Kill

JafariNaimi, N. (2017) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243917718942 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Self-Driving Cars and Engineering Ethics: The Need for a System Level Analysis

Borenstein, J., Herkert, J. R., & Miller, K. (2017) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-017-0006-0 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework

Fraade-Blanar, L., Blumenthal, M. S., Anderson, J., & Kalra, N. (2018) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr2662 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Ethics Settings for Autonomous Vehicles

Millar, J. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Autonomous Vehicles and Avoiding the Trolley (Dilemma): Vehicle Perception, Classification, and the Challenges of Framing Decision Ethics

Cunneen, M., Mullins, M., Murphy, F., Shannon, D., Furxhi, I., & Ryan, C. (2019) · Cybernetics & Systems · doi:10.1080/01969722.2019.1660541 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Scalable Decision Making with Sensor Occlusions for Autonomous Driving

Bouton, M., Nakhaei, A., Fujimura, K., & Kochenderfer, M. J. (2018) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra.2018.8460914 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Ethical dilemmas are really important to potential adopters of autonomous vehicles

Gill, T. (2021) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09605-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Crowdsourcing moral machines

Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Bonnefon, J., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2020) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3339904 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

How safe is safe enough? Psychological mechanisms underlying extreme safety demands for self-driving cars

Shariff, A., Bonnefon, J., & Rahwan, I. (2021) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2021.103069 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Engineering Social Justice into Traffic Control for Self-Driving Vehicles?

Mladenović, M. N., & McPherson, T. (2015) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9690-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Technology as Moral Proxy: Autonomy and Paternalism by Design

Millar, J. (2015) · IEEE Technology and Society Magazine · doi:10.1109/mts.2015.2425612 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

The Moral Psychology of AI and the Ethical Opt-Out Problem

Bonnefon, J., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905033.003.0004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Synthesis report: examination of target vehicular crashes and potential ITS countermeasures

Najm, W. G., Mironer, M., Koziol, J. S., Wang, J., & Knipling, R. R. (1995) · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Automated Vehicles and Transportation Justice

Epting, S. (2018) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-018-0307-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Future politics living together in a world transformed by tech

Susskind, J. (2018) · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Ethics of technology needs more political philosophy

Himmelreich, J. (2019) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3339905 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

More Than Trolleys

Goodall, N. J. (2019) · Transfers · doi:10.3167/trans.2019.090204 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Four Perspectives on What Matters for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles

Keeling, G., Evans, K., Thornton, S. M., Mecacci, G., & de Sio, F. S. (2019) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22933-7_6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Intelligent decision making for overtaking maneuver using mixed observable Markov decision process

Sezer, V. (2017) · Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1080/15472450.2017.1334558 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Do Automated Vehicles Face Moral Dilemmas? A Plea for a Political Approach

Alcázar, F. J. R., Bermejo-Luque, L., & Pérez, A. M. (2020) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-020-00432-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

From Trolleys to Risk: Models for Ethical Autonomous Driving

Goodall, N. J. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303672 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Distributive justice as an ethical principle for autonomous vehicle behavior beyond hazard scenarios

Dietrich, M., & Weisswange, T. H. (2019) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-019-09504-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Designing Automated Vehicles Around Human Values

Gerdes, J. C., Thornton, S. M., & Millar, J. (2019) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22933-7_5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Toward Closing the Loop on Human Values

Thornton, S. M., Limonchik, B., Lewis, F. E., Kochenderfer, M. J., & Gerdes, J. C. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles · doi:10.1109/tiv.2019.2919471 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Autonomous Driving and Public Reason: a Rawlsian Approach

Brändle, C., & Schmidt, M. (2021) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-021-00468-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Frontiers of Engineering

National Academy of Engineering (2020) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/25620 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Proxy Prudence: Rethinking Models of Responsibility for SemiiiAutonomous RobotsPreprint

Millar, J. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2442273 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Towards a Theory of Justice for Artificial IntelligencePreprint

Gabriel, I. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Customizable Ethics Settings for Building Resilience and Narrowing the Responsibility Gap: Case Studies in the Socio-Ethical Engineering of Autonomous Systems

Soltanzadeh, S., Galliott, J. C., & Jevglevskaja, N. (2020) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-020-00221-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Risk Imposition by Artificial Agents: The Moral Proxy Problem

Thoma, J. (2022) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Driverless cars: researchers have made a wrong turn

Nunes, A. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01473-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Will Customers’ Understanding of the Trolley Dilemma Hinder Their Adoption of Robotaxi?

Jia, S., & Ding, J. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16072977 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study

Sui, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1229245 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A Confucian Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicles

Sui, T., & Grève, S. S. (2024) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-024-00514-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Navigating the social dilemma of autonomous systems: normative and applied arguments

Bodenschatz, A. (2025) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-025-09857-y

Autonomous Cars: In Favor of a Mandatory Ethics Setting

Gogoll, J., & Müller, J. F. (2017) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-016-9806-x · Cited by 251 · see citing works

The car you can program to sacrifice you in crash

Beall, A. (2017) · The New Scientist · doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(17)32048-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Autonomous Vehicles and Ethical Settings: Who Should Decide?

Formosa, P. (2022) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)

The ethics of crashes with self‐driving cars: A roadmap, I

Nyholm, S. (2018) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12507 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

The Ethical KnobPreprint

Contissa, G., Lagioia, F., & Giovanni Sartor, B. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2881280 · Cited by 3 · see citing works