Understanding the covariation among childhood externalizing symptoms: Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are common childhood externalizing disorders that frequently co-occur. However, the causes of their comorbidity are not well understood. To address that question, we analyzed data from >600 Finnish twin pairs, who completed standardized interviews at age 14. Behavior genetic methods were used to examine how genetic/environmental factors contribute to each disorder's symptoms and to their covariation. We found significant genetic effects on each disorder with only modest evidence of shared environmental influences. Our data suggest the comorbidity among CD, ADHD, and ODD is primarily explained by shared genetic influences; however, each disorder was also under unique genetic influence, supporting the distinction of each disorder.
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The covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD is mostly attributed to genetic influences.
“The covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD is mostly attributed to genetic in fl uences”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Dick et al., 2005
The correlation between genetic factors of CD and ODD is .58, but there is no overlap of these factors.
“reported a higher correlation between the genetic factors of CD and ODD (.58), but not an overlap of these factors”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Dick, Viken, Kaprio, Pulkkinen, & Rose, 2005
Some genes may represent a general risk factor increasing the risk of all externalization disorders, while others contribute to specific symptoms of individual disorders.
“Some genes may represent a potential general risk factor (e.g., temperament, personality, behavioral disinhibition), which increase the risk of all externalization disorders, while others may contribute to speci fi c symptoms of individual disorders”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Dick et al., 2005
Although CD and ODD share genetic responsibility, each disorder may possess a unique genetic influence.
“although there is a shared genetic responsibility, each disorder may possess a unique genetic in fl uence”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Dick et al., 2005
There are no significant data on shared environmental effects for the covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD.
“with no signi fi cant data on shared environmental e ff ects”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Dick et al., 2005
There is a strong relationship between CD and ODD, which seem to share genetic influences, specifically a unique genetic influence that increases the tendency for externalization in both disorders and most likely in ADHD, although each disorder may also have its own genetic characteristics.
“There is a strong relationship between CD and ODD (Rowe et al., 2002), which seem to share genetic in fl uences (Knopik et al., 2014), speci fi cally an unique genetic in fl uence that increases the tendency for externalization in both disorders (Dick et al., 2005) and, most likely, in ADHD, although each disorder may also have its own genetic characteristics”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Dick et al., 2005
Existing literature is sufficiently consistent to conclude that comorbidity between CD, ODD, and ADHD may be primarily attributed to genetic influence and unique environment effects.
“existing literature seems to be su ffi ciently consistent to conclude that it may be primarily attributed to genetic in fl uence (Dick et al., 2005; Martin et al., 2006; Nadder et al., 2002; Tuvblad et al., 2009) and unique environment e ff ects”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Dick et al., 2005
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References 49 · Cited by 206
- Authors
- Dick, D. M., Viken, R. J., Kaprio, J., Pulkkinen, L., & Rose, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Rose, Richard J.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 219-229
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W2004124985
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (F32AA013358, AA-09203, AA12502, AA00145, K05AA000145, R01AA009203, AA 13358)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, comorbidities, genetic factors, shared environmental factors, twin studies, heritability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Environment, Female, Finland, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Registries, Twins, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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