The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Construction and Validation of an Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short)
Open accessAbstract
This study reports on the development and validation of an abridged version of the 50-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report measure of autistic traits. We aimed to reduce the number of items whilst retaining high validity and a meaningful factor structure. The item reduction procedure was performed on data from 1,263 Dutch students and general population adults. The resulting 28-item AQ-Short was subsequently validated in 3 independent samples, both clinical and controls, from the Netherlands and the UK. The AQ-Short comprises two higher-order factors assessing 'social behavioral difficulties' and 'a fascination for numbers/patterns'. The clear factor structure of the AQ-Short and its high sensitivity and specificity make the AQ-Short a useful alternative to the full 50-item version.
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“To verify the clinical diagnosis of ASD, we will use a cut-off ≥70 on the 28-item Short version of the AQ-28 [43, 44].”
From The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): Study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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“A clinical cutoff score of > 65 has sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.82 for ASD (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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In the citing paper
“The AQ-28 is scored between 28 and 72, and a cut-off score of 65 is the threshold, above which further assistance with seeking ASD diagnosis is recommended. The cut-off score has good sensitivity (0.97) and specificity (0.82). The AQ-28 also has good internal consistence (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77–0.86).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“For TD students, the mean AQ-28 score was 64.54, which is somewhat higher than the previously reported control samples of 56–59.73 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The mean score on the Autism Quotient-28 (AQ-28) for the autistic students was 83.07, and with an exception of two students who scored 59 and 64, all students’ scores met the suggested clinical cut-off score of 65 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The AQ-Short is a reliable instrument for a quick assessment of quantitative autistic traits.”
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Citations
Cites
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003) · Department of Psychology - University of Koblenz-Landau · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.12784 · Cited by 8,975
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450
Self-citationAutistic Traits in the General Population: A Twin Study
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524 · Cited by 1,317 · cited 2×
“Autism spectrum conditions (ASC; including autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome [AS] and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified [PDD-NOS]) are now commonly conceptualized as dimensional, representing the extreme end of one or more continuously distributed traits in the general population ( Constantin…”
BackgroundWoodbury-Smith, M. R., Robinson, J., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7 · Cited by 771
Self-citationHoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Cath, D. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0538-x · Cited by 651
Self-citationThe Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children’s Version (AQ-Child)
Bonnie Auyeung, B., Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Allison, C. L. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0504-z · Cited by 650
Self-citationThe Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)—Adolescent Version
Baron-Cohen, S., Hoekstra, R. A., Knickmeyer, R., & Wheelwright, S. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0073-6 · Cited by 546
Self-citationHappé, F., & Ronald, A. (2008) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8 · Cited by 498
Fetal testosterone and autistic traits
Auyeung, B., Baron‐Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2009) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712608x311731 · Cited by 462
Self-citationSelf-Referential Cognition and Empathy in Autism
Lombardo, M. V., Barnes, J. L., Wheelwright, S. J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000883 · Cited by 439
Self-citationAustin, E. J. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.022 · Cited by 435
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in Japan: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Wakabayashi, A., Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Tojo, Y. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0061-2 · Cited by 359
Self-citationSex differences in eye gaze and symbolic cueing of attention
Bayliss, A. P., di Pellegrino, G., & Tipper, S. P. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980443000124 · Cited by 339
Heritability of Autistic Traits in the General Population
Hoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Verweij, C. J. H., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.372 · Cited by 330
Self-citationChakrabarti, B., Dudbridge, F., Kent, L., Wheelwright, S., Hill‐Cawthorne, G., Allison, C., Banerjee‐Basu, S., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2009) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.80 · Cited by 295
Self-citationHurst, R. M., Mitchell, J. T., Kimbrel, N. A., Kwapil, T. K., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.012 · Cited by 217
Mandy, W. P. L., & Skuse, D. H. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01911.x · Cited by 169
Brain hyper-reactivity to auditory novel targets in children with high-functioning autism
Gomot, M., Belmonte, M. K., Bullmore, E. T., Bernard, F. A., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn172 · Cited by 163
Self-citationPast and Future Perspectives on Autism Epidemiology
Fombonne, E. J. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420004205.ch2 · Cited by 73
Genetic and Environmental Covariation Between Autistic Traits and Behavioral Problems
Hoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Hudziak, J. J., Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.10.6.853 · Cited by 53
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Kooijman, M. N., Kruithof, C. J., van Duijn, C. M., Duijts, L., Franco, O. H., van IJzendoorn, M. H., de Jongste, J. C., Klaver, C. C. W., van der Lugt, A., Mackenbach, J. P., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0224-9 · Cited by 1,238
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Jaddoe, V. W. V., van Duijn, C. M., van der Heijden, A. J., Mackenbach, J. P., Moll, H. A., Steegers, E. A. P., Tiemeier, H., Uitterlinden, A. G., Verhulst, F. C., & Hofman, A. (2010) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9516-7 · Cited by 1,027
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Bury, S. M., Jellett, R., Spoor, J. R., & Hedley, D. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04425-3 · Cited by 452
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoekstra, R. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Wheelwright, S., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Baron-Cohen, S., Posthuma, D., & van der Sluis, S.
- Affiliations
- The Open University (GB)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hoekstra, Rosa A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2010-08-10
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 589-596
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC3076581
- OpenAlex
- W2130501331
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO/ SPI 56-464-14192, NWO 575-25-006, 56‐464‐14192, 451-08-025, VENI-451-08-025, Spi-56-464-14192, VIDI-016-065-318, 14192, 575-25-006)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autistic traits, item reduction, self-report measures, factor structure, sensitivity and specificity, autism spectrum disorder
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Self Report, Diagnostic Self Evaluation
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