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The Relationship Between Anxiety and Repetitive Behaviours in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Rodgers, J., Glod, M., Connolly, B., McConachie, H.·2012·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

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Abstract

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder are vulnerable to anxiety. Repetitive behaviours are a core feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and have been associated anxiety. This study examined repetitive behaviours and anxiety in two groups of children with autism spectrum disorder, those with high anxiety and those with lower levels of anxiety. Children with high anxiety had more repetitive behaviours than those without anxiety. Within the anxiety sample, higher levels of insistence on sameness were associated with more anxiety. No association was found between sensory motor repetitive behaviours and anxiety in this group. In the non-anxious sample, anxiety was associated with sensory motor repetitive behaviours. These findings indicate a differential relationship for repetitive behaviours in relation to anxious and non-anxious children with ASD.

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Denucci, B. L., de Sousa, M. C., Aguiar, N. A. D. P., Paes‐Branco, D., Pinheiro, V. H. S. D., Araújo, U. C., Braga, F. U., de Souza, C. A., Ribeiro‐Carvalho, A., Abreu‐Villaça, Y., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.70056 · Cited by 1
Deliberate and Affective Driven Decision-Making. A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Decision-Making in Autism
Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Fossum, I. N., Øverland, E., Kjørren, E., Hovik, K. T., Øie, M. G., & Orm, S. (2025) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2025.2595934
“Consequently, autistic individuals may be prone to avoid social situations experienced as aversive (Rodgers et al., 2012).”
Interplay between motor stereotypies, emotional dysregulation, and sensory reactivity in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder
Ruiz, M., Arranz, M. J., Pérez, V., & Amaia Hervas, G. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02171-0
“Anxiety has been associated with MS in many studies [ 43, 45, 46, 52, 57], although some results are contradictory [ 54, 58].”
Additional file 1 of Repetitive and restricted behaviours and anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sellick, T., Ure, A. M., & Williams, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17120150
Additional file 3 of Development and psychometric properties of the Clinical Anxiety Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities (ClASP-ID)
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Bird, M. O., Crawford, H., Oliver, C., Shelley, L., & Waite, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26754583
Additional file 2 of Repetitive and restricted behaviours and anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sellick, T., Ure, A. M., & Williams, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17120153
Additional file 4 of Development and psychometric properties of the Clinical Anxiety Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities (ClASP-ID)
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Bird, M. O., Crawford, H., Oliver, C., Shelley, L., & Waite, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26754586
Additional file 6 of Development and psychometric properties of the Clinical Anxiety Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities (ClASP-ID)
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Bird, M. O., Crawford, H., Oliver, C., Shelley, L., & Waite, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26754592
Additional file 3 of Repetitive and restricted behaviours and anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sellick, T., Ure, A. M., & Williams, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17120159
Additional file 1 of Development and psychometric properties of the Clinical Anxiety Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities (ClASP-ID)
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Bird, M. O., Crawford, H., Oliver, C., Shelley, L., & Waite, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26388870
Additional file 2 of Development and psychometric properties of the Clinical Anxiety Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities (ClASP-ID)
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Bird, M. O., Crawford, H., Oliver, C., Shelley, L., & Waite, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26388927
Additional file 4 of Repetitive and restricted behaviours and anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sellick, T., Ure, A. M., & Williams, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17120165
Additional file 5 of Development and psychometric properties of the Clinical Anxiety Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities (ClASP-ID)
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Pearson, E., Edwards, G., Bird, M. O., Crawford, H., Oliver, C., Shelley, L., & Waite, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26754589
Emotional Comorbidity in Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Clinical Features and Neural Circuit Mechanisms
刘, 彩. (2025) · International Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.12677/ijpn.2025.144011
Autistic adults prefer social touch less but engage just as much: The impact of social context, relationship type, sensory responsivity, and psychological factors
Li, M., Mello, M., MacLennan, K., & Masson, H. L. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251403906
“The strong preference for pre-dictability to maintain routines and reduce uncertainty are well documented in autism research (Bird et al., 2024; Rodgers et al., 2012; Wigham et al., 2015).”
Revisiting Drive Reduction Theory: Motivational Foundations and Therapeutic Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lu, Q. (2026) · The Asian Educational Therapist · doi:10.64663/aet.70
“Anxiety, frustration, or over-stimulation creates internal drives that can lead to meltdowns or avoidance behaviors (Rodgers et al., 2012), and that can include pathological demand avoidance (Curtis & Izett, 2025).”
Occurrence of mental health challenges and their association with autistic traits, cognitive level and adaptive functioning in autistic preschool children
Wu, W. T., John, J. R., Diaz, A. M., & Eapen, V. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10966
“31 This might be explained by the fact that, when autistic children are anxious, they may attempt to control their environment to overcome further stimulation, uncertainty and consequent increase in anxiety by using RRBs such as restricted interests and insistence on sameness as a coping behaviour.”
Engagement with MYmind for autistic youth and their parents: A systematic literature reviewPreprint
O’Farrell, C., & Keane, L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9190420/v1
Cognitive-Perceptual Style on the Autism-Schizotypy Continuum Shapes Surprisal SensitivityPreprint
Tune, S., Obleser, J., & Schuckart, M. M. (2026) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Family accommodation of restricted and repetitive behaviors and emotion regulation in early childhood: Associations across autistic, developmentally delayed, and non-diagnosed groups
Graucher, T., & Koller, J. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202977
Sleep, executive functions, and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorder: different patterns of association with lower- and higher-level repetitive behaviors
Fucà, E., Parisi, M., Guerrera, S., & Vicari, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1903369
“…including reduced learning experiences, heightened anxiety, obsessive-compulsive features, and increased caregiver burden and parental stress (Rodgers et al., 2012; Jiujias et al., 2017; Schulte et al., 2018; Baribeau et al., 2020; Scibelli et al., 2021; Chaxiong et al., 2022; Schwartzman et…”
Association of Motor Stereotypies with Emotional Dysregulation and Anxiety/Depression Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ruiz, M., Arranz, M. J., Pérez, V., Oropesa, M. P., & Amaia Hervas, G. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13101363
“Several publications describe the relationship between ED and RRBs [21,25,26,32,41–44], between anxiety and RRBs [20,21,40,43–45] and between anxiety and some specific high-level RRBs [20,24,25,43–45].”
Network analysis of anxiety and related factors in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder
Lu, M., Zou, Q., Duan, T., Zhao, J., & He, H. (2026) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105412

Authors: Rodgers, J., Glod, M., Connolly, B., & McConachie, H.
Affiliations: University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Corresponding author: Rodgers, J.
ORCID: Rodgers, J.
Glod, M.
McConachie, H.
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-04-17
Volume: 42
Issue: 11
Pages: 2404-2409
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1531-y
OpenAlex: W2141257736
Cited by: 296
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 6.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (PB-PG-0408-16069)
National Institutes of Health
Research for Patient Benefit Programme
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, repetitive behavior, insistence on sameness, children, comorbidities
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Stereotyped Behavior

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The Relationship Between Anxiety and Repetitive Behaviours in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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