Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk.

May combine two claims.

Maladaptive strategy use is associated with lower self-efficacy and higher depression and anxiety symptoms.

“Significant links are noted between maladaptive strategy use, reduced self-efficacy and increased depression and anxiety symptoms (Carthy et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Ehring et al., 2010).”

• cites Carthy et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Compas et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Cross-Sectional Effect Sizes; page unavailable) report that maladaptive coping was significantly associated with higher internalizing symptoms. The Previous Reviews section also reports positive associations between strategies considered maladaptive and depression and anxiety symptoms. Neither passage establishes a link between maladaptive strategy use and reduced self-efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Ehring et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

People who use a greater variety of adaptive coping strategies report less anxiety and depression and greater psychological functioning and self-efficacy.

“Preliminary evidence suggests those who employ a greater variety of adaptive coping strategies report reduced anxiety and depression, and increased psychological functioning and self-efficacy (Compas et al., 2017; Suhr et al., 2017).”

• cites Compas et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion’s Meta-analytic Findings section says secondary control coping, which combines several strategies, was associated with fewer symptoms; its Comparison with Previous Reviews section also reports links between adaptive strategies and lower anxiety and depression. But the paper does not establish that using a greater *variety* of strategies predicts those outcomes, and the passages do not support the claimed increase in self-efficacy. Its own meta-analysis concerns children and adolescents, not people generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Suhr et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Evidence suggests that the prevalence and severity of mental health symptoms increase with age, supporting the targeting of moderate-risk adolescents.

“Evidence suggests that prevalence and severity of mental health symptoms increases with age (Lallukka et al., 2019), thus is important to target this moderate risk adolescent group to bolster adaptive coping and reduce symptom severity for this traditionally less-supported group of at-risk adolescents.”

• cites Lallukka et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that anxiety and somatic symptom scores increased with age, but depressive symptoms did not follow that pattern. The paper describes symptom levels and trajectories, not an age-related increase in prevalence. Its Discussion recommends early prevention, but the cited finding does not support a general increase in both prevalence and severity of mental health symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

After Bonferroni correction, mental and physical health changes and positive reappraisal remained statistically significant.

“All changes for mental and physical health outcomes remained significant, as did the cognitive emotion regulation strategy of positive reappraisal.”

May combine two claims.

Multivariate stepwise regression found significant associations between mindfulness facet use and anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms, with R2 from 42.5% to 52.8%.

“Multivariate stepwise regression found significant associations between mindfulness facet use and anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms (R2 ranging from 42.5 to 52.8%).”

May combine two claims.

In the anxiety model, post-test Non-Judging and risk category explained 42.5% of variance; higher Non-Judging predicted lower anxiety, and high-risk membership predicted higher anxiety.

“Participant’s post-test use of Non-Judging of Inner Experience and moderate and high risk categories together explained 42.5% of the variance in anxiety symptomology at post-test (R2 = 0.425, F(9, 39) = 3.86, p < 0.01). Holding constant all other predictors, higher use of post-test Non-Judging of Inner Experience (β = −0.393, p = 0.013) significantly predicted reduced anxiety symptomology, whereas”

May combine two claims.

In the depression model, baseline depression and post-test Describing explained 47.7% of variance; higher baseline depression predicted more depression, and post-test Describing predicted less depression.

“Participant baseline depression symptomology (control variable) and post-test use of Describing together explained 47.7% of the variance in depression symptomology at post-test (R2 = 0.477, F(9, 39) = 5.86, p < 0.01). Holding constant all other predictors, higher baseline depression symptomology (β = 0.487, p = 0.001) significantly predicted increased depression symptomology at post-test and post”

May combine two claims.

Participants showed significant pre-to-post reductions in depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms.

“participants reported significant reductions in their mental health symptomology of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms (ts range = 2.77–3.45, all p < 0.01, ds range = 0.36–0.44).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The high-risk group had prior engagement in intensive in-home services and higher rates of partial hospitalization and psychiatric hospitalization.

“In addition, 20 participants (76.9%) had prior engagement in II-CAPS (ranging from 1 to 5 referrals per child), 16 participants (61.5%) had prior engagement in FFT (ranging from 1 to 3 referrals per child), 5 participants (19.2%) had prior engagement with partial hospitalization programs, and 4 participants (15.4%) had prior hospitalizations for their unstable mental health symptoms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The sample included 30 moderate-risk and 26 high-risk participants.

“Thirty participants (53.6%) were considered to be in the moderate-risk group.”

• Also stated in: § Results · plain

  “Twenty-six participants were considered to be in the high-risk group (n = 26, 46.4%).”

May combine two claims.

Participants showed significant pre-to-post increases in positive refocusing and positive reappraisal, and reductions in self-blame.

“Significant increases in cognitive emotion regulation strategies for positive refocusing and positive reappraisal (t = −2.22 and −2.71, respectfully, p < 0.05, d = 0.37 and 0.41), and reductions in self-blame cognitive coping (t = 2.10, p < 0.05, d = 0.32) are also evident.”

May combine two claims.

After Bonferroni correction, changes in generalized anxiety and positive reappraisal remained statistically significant.

“Changes in generalized anxiety remained significant, as did the cognitive emotion regulation strategy of positive reappraisal.”

May combine two claims.

The moderate-risk group showed significant pre-to-post reductions in depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms.

“The moderate risk group reported significant reductions in mental health symptomology of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms (ts range = 2.39–4.09, all p < 0.05, ds range = 0.32–0.67).”

May combine two claims.

Adolescents with high attendance (five or more sessions) showed significantly greater reductions in catastrophizing and increases in distress tolerance at post-test than those with low attendance.

“Two statistically significant group differences were found: adolescents who had high attendance reported significantly reduced catastrophizing at post-test (t = 2.20, p < 0.05, d = 0.65) and significantly increased distress tolerance at post-test (t = −2.49, p < 0.05, d = 0.64) compared to those in the low attendance group.”

May combine two claims.

In the somatic model, baseline somatic symptoms and post-test Non-Judging explained 52.8% of variance; higher Non-Judging predicted lower somatic symptoms, and higher baseline somatic symptoms predicted more somatic symptoms.

“Participants baseline somatic symptomology (control variable) and post-test use of Non-Judging of Inner Experience together explained 52.8% of the variance in somatic symptomology at post-test (R2 = 0.528, F(9, 39) = 6.97, p < 0.01). As seen in the previous models, holding constant all other predictors, higher use of post-test Non-Judging of Inner Experience (β = −0.452, p = 0.002) significantly”

May combine two claims.

At pre-test, the high-risk group reported higher Describing and the moderate-risk group reported lower self-blame than the other group.

“Two statistically significant group differences were found: adolescents in the high-risk group reported significantly higher pre-test use of the mindfulness facet of Describing (t = −2.65, p < 0.01, d = 0.71) and those in the moderate risk group reported significantly lower pre-test use of the cognitive emotion regulation strategy of self-blame (t = 2.22, p < 0.05, d = 0.59).”

May combine two claims.

Contrary to expectation, the high-risk group did not report symptom reduction and only improved in self-efficacy.

“Contrary to our expectations, those in the high-risk group did not report symptom reduction and only reported significant improvements in their self-efficacy.”

May combine two claims.

Participants showed significant pre-to-post increases in the mindfulness facet Describing and in self-efficacy.

“Significant increases in mindfulness facet of Describing (t = −2.07, p < 0.05, d = 0.26) and self-efficacy (t = −3.55, p < 0.01, d = 0.58) were noted.”

May combine two claims.

Acting with Awareness did not significantly predict mental or physical health outcomes, while post-test Describing predicted reduced depression symptoms.

“Contrary to expectations, Acting with Awareness did not significantly predict mental or physical health outcomes, and post-test Describing was found to be a significant predictor of reduced depression symptoms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During adolescence, comorbid depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms are frequent.

“Comorbid presentations of major depressive episodes, anxiety disorders, and somatic symptoms in adolescence are common (SAMHSA, 2020)”

• cites SAMHSA, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

People high in distress tolerance attend to and modulate emotions in aversive contexts, while those with difficulties may use avoidance-oriented coping and increase maladaptive responses and negative affect.

“Those considered high in distress tolerance approach negative emotions and aversive contexts by paying attention to emotions and modulating their responses, while those reporting difficulties may increase maladaptive responses and negative affect through avoidance-oriented coping (Linehan and Wilks, 2015; Van Eck et al., 2017).”

• cites Linehan and Wilks, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van Eck et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Seven of 56 enrolled adolescents were lost to follow-up, leaving 49 retained at post-test.

“Of the 56 adolescents enrolled, seven were lost to follow-up (n = 5 involved in too many services; n = 2 terminated all mental health treatment services), leaving 49 adolescents retained at post-test.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The FFMQ-15 had reliability in the current sample ranging from α = 0.60 to 0.85, with Non-Reactivity and Acting with Awareness showing the lowest alphas (0.60 and 0.61).

“In the current sample, reliability was comparable (α = 0.60–0.85), with Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience and Acting with Awareness (0.60 and 0.61, respectively) reporting the lowest alphas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is important to identify which mindfulness facets best relate to psychological adjustment and for whom, to develop the most effective treatments.

“This indicates an important direction to understand which mindfulness facets relate to psychological adjustment best, and for whom to develop the most effective treatment options.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only a few studies have examined how mindfulness facet use differentially reduces symptoms in adolescent samples.

May combine two claims.

The online mindfulness-based intervention showed preliminary efficacy for adolescents, especially those at moderate risk.

“Results indicate preliminary efficacy for an online mindfulness-based intervention for adolescents, particularly those at moderate-risk,”

May combine two claims.

Prior evidence supports adjunctive mindfulness-based interventions for alleviating psychological symptoms and improving emotion regulation, self-awareness, and coping in youth.

“Previous evidence supports the utility of adjunctive MBI approaches to alleviate psychological symptoms, and improve emotion regulation, self-awareness and coping in youth (DePlus et al., 2016; Pepping et al., 2016).”

• cites DePlus et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pepping et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The distress tolerance finding supports prior research and the intervention's efficacy for real-world goal-directed behavior despite discomfort.

“This finding supports prior research (e.g., Linehan and Wilks, 2015) and the efficacy of this intervention to make significant real-world impacts on adolescents’ abilities to engage in goal-directed behaviors despite experiencing discomfort”

• cites Linehan and Wilks, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Early evidence links mindfulness facets to somatic symptoms, with Non-Judging of Inner Experiences showing the strongest relationship with physical health.

“Early evidence suggests a connection between mindfulness facets and somatic symptoms, with Non-Judging of Inner Experiences indicating the strongest relationship with physical health (Ballantyne et al., 2021).”

• cites Ballantyne et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CES-D had acceptable reliability in the current clinical sample (α = 0.91).

“The CES-D has acceptable reliability scores in the general population and clinical samples, in addition to adolescent samples, respectively (α = 0.85–0.90 and 0.83; Eaton et al., 2004; Skriner and Chu, 2014), as in the current clinical sample 0.91.”

May combine two claims.

Participants lost to attrition had higher baseline Non-Reactivity and self-efficacy, and lower somatic symptoms and perspective taking, than completers.

“at baseline, participants lost to attrition reported higher rates of Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience (m = 9.57 versus 8.00) and self-efficacy (m = 26.14 versus 24.08), and lower rates of somatic symptoms (m = 11.14 versus 15.18) and use of the cognitive emotion regulation strategy perspective taking (m = 3.86 versus 5.90).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Evidence indicates a critical need for interventions that build distress tolerance, mindfulness, and self-efficacy in adolescents with comorbid diagnoses to reduce symptoms and improve well-being.

“This evidence indicates a critical need for approaches focused on bolstering distress tolerance, mindfulness and self-efficacy that engage adolescents with comorbid diagnoses to reduce symptomology and improve wellbeing.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Vulnerable youth may be more likely to reject, avoid, ruminate on, or suppress their thoughts and feelings.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The GSF had acceptable reliability in the current sample (α = 0.80).

“The GSF has acceptable reliability in adult and adolescent samples (α = 0.76–0.90 and 0.85; Moeini et al., 2008; Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995), as in the current sample 0.80.”

May combine two claims.

No control group or waitlisted participants were included.

“Given the nature of this pilot study to determine initial feasibility, no control group or waitlisted participants were included.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Self-efficacy may be important for adolescent well-being.

“and may be crucial for adolescents’ well-being (Moksnes and Espnes, 2012).”

• cites Moksnes and Espnes, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The GAD-7 had excellent reliability in the current sample (α = 0.90).

“The GAD-7 has excellent reliability in a general and adolescent sample, respectively (α = 0.92 and 0.91; Spitzer et al., 2006; Tiirikainen et al., 2019), as in the current sample 0.90.”

May combine two claims.

Mindfulness-based interventions reduce psychological symptoms and improve emotion regulation and coping in youth.

“Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) alleviate psychological symptoms and lead to improved emotion regulation and coping in youth (Lyvers et al., 2014; Zoogman et al., 2015).”

• cites Lyvers et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Zoogman et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The SSS-8 had acceptable reliability in the current sample (α = 0.81).

“The SSS-8 has acceptable reliability in adult and adolescent samples, respectively (α = 0.81 and 0.79; Baier et al., 2019; Gierk et al., 2014), as in the current sample 0.81.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study materials received University of Connecticut IRB approval (H20-0062).

“Study materials were approved by the University of Connecticut IRB (H20-0062).”

May combine two claims.

Mindfulness is associated with less emotional distress and greater positive mindset and self-efficacy.

“and is linked to reduced emotional distress, increased positive mindset and self-efficacy (Carmody and Baer, 2008; Kingston et al., 2007; Pepping et al., 2016).”

• cites Carmody and Baer, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kingston et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pepping et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The type of therapy engagement was not controlled for.

“The type of therapy engagement was not controlled for, but noted by recording their treatment attendance rates (attended or no-showed/cancelled), frequency of sessions (weekly, bi-weekly, monthly), and their engagement in outpatient only services or higher-levels of care (described below).”

May combine two claims.

Seven participants were lost at follow-up, yielding a retention rate of 87.5%.

“We lost seven participants at follow-up, resulting in a retention rate of 87.5%, with high indicators of acceptability and feasibility.”

May combine two claims.

Emotion regulation skills have broad evidence of efficacy, but results for maladaptive stress responses in adolescence are less consistent.

“Emotion regulation skills have broad evidence of efficacy, with less consistent results noted for maladaptive responses to stress during adolescence (Hu et al., 2014).”

• cites Hu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The DTS had acceptable reliability in the current sample (α = 0.90).

“The DTS has acceptable reliability in adult and adolescent samples (α = 0.89 and 0.59–0.90; Kechter and Leventhal, 2019; Simons & Gaher, 2005), as in the current sample 0.90.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Preliminary evidence suggests MBIs improve mental health and well-being, but findings are mixed about which mindfulness facets improve outcomes in adolescents.

“Preliminary evidence suggests MBIs improve mental health and well-being, however, findings are mixed regarding which mindfulness facets lead to improved outcomes among adolescents (Medvedev et al., 2018).”

• cites Medvedev et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Adolescents with psychiatric-only or comorbid diagnoses in MBIs showed improvements in anxiety, depression, and somatic distress, and positive psychosocial outcomes including well-being, self-regulation, and self-awareness.

“Adolescents with psychiatric-only or comorbid diagnoses engaged in MBIs indicated significant improvements in anxiety, depression, and somatic distress, and positive impacts on psychosocial outcomes of well-being, self-regulation, and self-awareness (Biegel et al., 2009; Russell et al., 2019).”

• cites Biegel et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Russell et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The small sample size limited statistical power and generalizability, and may explain some non-significant findings.

“The small sample size limits the power to run sophisticated analyses and generalize findings to the larger population of at-risk adolescents, and may explain the lack of significance in some of the findings, including those deemed non-significant following Bonferroni adjustments.”

May combine two claims.

Participants lost to follow-up had higher baseline self-efficacy and Non-Reactivity, suggesting they may have seen less need for the adjunctive intervention.

“At baseline, participants lost to follow-up were more likely to have higher rates of self-efficacy and use of Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience mindfulness, suggesting they may have believed they could address any mental health concerns with their current level of care and may not have seen the potential benefit of the adjunctive MBI to provide additional skills or support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Providing adjunctive services to the moderate-risk group is critical to prevent escalation to higher levels of care, which are costly and time-intensive.

“Providing adjunctive services to this group is critical to prevent escalations beyond the need of outpatient therapy to higher levels of care, which are costly and time-intensive.”

May combine two claims.

The study provides additional support for these prior findings and has implications for future mindfulness-based interventions delivered online or in person.

“We provide additional support to these findings, and have implications for future MBIs delivered online or in-person.”

May combine two claims.

These mindfulness facets may help shift negative appraisals and rumination to increase adaptive describing and judgment, thereby impacting overall symptomology.

“These facets are particularly helpful to shift engrained cognitive patterns of negative appraisals and rumination on experiences and feelings to increase adaptive describing and judgment of thoughts and feelings, which may impact overall symptomology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Interventions with adolescents can focus on describing emotional experiences from a non-judgmental perspective to reduce mental and physical health symptoms.

“Such interventions with adolescents can focus on describing emotional experiences from a non-judgmental perspective to reduce mental and physical health symptoms.”

May combine two claims.

Prior research links Non-Judging of Inner Experience to dysphoric affect, stress, and depressive symptoms, and suggests it may buffer life stress on negative affect in adolescents.

“Prior research indicates Non-Judging of Inner Experience as associated with dysphoric affect, stress, and depressive symptoms (Abujaradeh et al., 2019; Royuela-Colomer and Calvete, 2016), and may buffer the effects of life stress on negative affect in adolescent samples (Ciesla et al., 2012; Galla et al., 2020).”

• cites Abujaradeh et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Royuela-Colomer and Calvete, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ciesla et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source