The Relationship Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Adult Attachment Styles

Unger, Jo Ann M.; De Luca, Rayleen V.

doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9588-3

Cited by 96Child Abuse and TraumaAttachment and Relationship DynamicsIntimate Partner and Family Violence

The Relationship Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Adult Attachment Styles

Unger, Jo Ann M., De Luca, Rayleen V.·2014·Journal of Family Violence

DOI 10.1007/s10896-014-9588-3

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The impact of family violence on Detachment is not best captured as a direct pathway, but rather as one that operates through the development of avoidant relational strategies.
“Conceptually, this pattern may indicate that the impact of family violence on Detachment is not best captured as a direct pathway, but rather as one that operates through the development of avoidant relational strategies [46, 47].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [46]

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Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes
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“Some studies that have been conducted in this field have a smaller ( n = 285; Riggs & Kaminski, 2010) and/or specific sample size (i.e., college students; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
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“Empirical studies have proven the link between insecure attachment and affective disorders [33,34], suicidal ideation [35 – 38], and CT [39,40] respectively.”
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“Similarly, individuals with CPM may feel more insecure attachment (Unger & De Luca, 2014), and they may be sensitive to others ’ evaluations and disorganized internal working models about interactions with others (Fresno, Spencer, & Espinoza, 2018), which may impair the development of self-esteem…”
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Attachment insecurity partially mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and depression severity in bipolar disorder
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“In addition, hypotheses about adult attachment styles are based on evidence from childhood (Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
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“…(Halligan, Michael, Clark & Ehlers, 2003) and may impact upon mental health (Finklehor, Turner, Hamby & Ormrod, 2011), interpersonal relationships (Unger & de Luca, 2014) and difficulties with employment, finance and social isolation (Davidson, Devaney & Spratt, 2010; Sansone, Leung & Wiederman,…”
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“…attachment, physical abuse and sexual abuse in childhood have been associated with adult attachment issues (Cantón-Cortés, Cortés, & Cantón, 2015; Unger & De Luca, 2014), and research shows that experiencing any subtype of abuse during childhood is associated with the risk for preoccupied adult…”
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Childhood Trauma and Experience in Close Relationships Are Associated with the God Image: Does Religiosity Make a Difference?
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“Moreover, a childhood experience of mistreatment may affect later attachment relationships [28,29].”
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“…health-care professionals to explore the early attachment styles that children experienced and develop tailored care plans to support children victims of DV post-separation allowing for better-coping abilities to improve their future intimate relationships (O’Gorman, 2012; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
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Silva, A., Ferreira, S., Pinto, É. S., Rocha, N., & Rocha, N. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2186298 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Other studies suggest that participants who experienced abuse showed more insecure attachment styles than participants who had not experienced abuse (Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Background
The impact of different adverse childhood experiences on the dimensions of emotional dysregulation in adults with major depression
Dagnino, P., Cuccia, C. C., Franco-Chalco, E., Gloger, S., Duisallant, M., Mizon, J., & Romero, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1587042 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Maternal insecure attachment representation as a long-term risk factor for disrupted mother–child-interaction and child mental health
Rost, K., Ziegenhain, U., Fegert, J. M., Buchheim, A., & Köhler‐Dauner, F. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01874-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Attachment Theory and Sexual Offending: Making the Connection
Grady, M. D., & Yoder, J. R. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01488-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Such experiences have been shown to contribute to insecure attachments across all populations [34, 52–55].”
Attachment as a Mediator Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Attributions in Adult Intimate Relationships
Fitzgerald, M. (2022) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807221104121 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This association, however, fell to non-significant when other forms of maltreatment were included (Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Background
Physical and Emotional Sibling Violence in Childhood and Attachment in Close Relationships in Adulthood
Perkins, N. H., & Lees, E. R. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231179723 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Directed exploration is reduced by an aversive interoceptive state induction in healthy individuals but not in those with affective disorders
Li, N., Lavalley, C. A., Chou, K.-P., Chuning, A. E., Taylor, S., Goldman, C. M., Torres, T. M., Hodson, R., Wilson, R. C., Stewart, J. L., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02980-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The link between family violence in childhood and internalizing and externalizing problems in later life among college students in China: attachment as a mediator
Xiang, X., & Han, M. (2020) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2019.1676365 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…light on the impacts of different types of abuse on attachment have found that psychological abuse has a greater detrimental impact on attachment than physical abuse (Cohen et al., 2017; Espeleta, Palasciano-Barton, & Messman-Moore, 2016; Muller, Thornback, & Bedi, 2012; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Background
The role of embodied sense of self in the relationship of childhood abuse types to distress and fear.
Ong, L. E., Davis, B. M., Horodyski, A. M., Cole, T. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119698 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Exploring Independent and Cumulative Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on PTSD and CPTSD a Study in Ugandan Adolescents
Ferrajão, P. C., Frias, F., & Elklit, A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050517 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The high level of exposure to ACEs probably contributes to the high proportion of adolescents with non-secure attachment styles [54,75].”
Background
Dating Violence Ditinjau dari Kontrol Diri dan Insecure Attacment Pada Remaja
Fristian, A. Y., Astuti, R. D., & Ahyani, L. N. (2022) · Psikoborneo Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.30872/psikoborneo.v10i2.8086 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Ketika individu menyaksikan atau mengalami kekerasan di masa kanak-kanak, hal tersebut akan berpengaruh pada pengembangan gaya keterikatan tidak aman atau insecure attachment (Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Attachment Style, Love Style, and Attachment Behaviour in University Students’ Intimate Relationships, South Africa – A Brief Study
Tyolo, T. P., Erasmus, P., Koen, V., & Tsabedze, W. F. (2022) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/18743501-v15-e2208190 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Step Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationship Between Victimization and Emotional Distress: Indirect Effect of Adult Attachment and Interaction With Household Dysfunction
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The Residuum of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse: Coming to Terms in Couple Relationships
Witting, A. B., & Busby, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520965972 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For instance, Unger and De Luca (2014) found childhood abuse to be linked to insecure attachment in adulthood, but noted that social support may be a protective factor or moderator between abuse and attachment insecurity.”
Background
The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder
Migalova, E., Furstova, J., Hasto, J., Tavel, P., & Kascakova, N. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03331-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Conceptu-ally, this pattern may indicate that the impact of family violence on Detachment is not best captured as a direct pathway, but rather as one that operates through the development of avoidant relational strategies [46, 47].”
Understanding the relationships between parenting, attachment, schemas and psychosis: A serial mediation analysis
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“Childhood physical abuse has previously been associated with anxious attachment, which is supported by the results of the current study (Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Do Adult Attachment Style or Personality Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Late-Life Depression in Poor Communities?
Jardim, G. B. G., Gomes, I., Gholam‐Rezaee, M., Ranjbar, S., Engroff, P., Santos, M. A., Neto, A. C., & von Gunten, A. (2022) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887221119979 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For example, maltreated infants are more likely to develop an insecure or disorganized attachment style,(17) emotional and sexual maltreatment is correlated with anxious and avoidant attachment styles,(18) and physical abuse is correlated with attachment anxiety.(19) Adaptive personality characteristics predispose to…”
Background
Assessing the Relational Nature of Child Physical Abuse and Neglect Among 12-Year-Old Girls
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Childhood trauma and college student health: a review of the literature
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“…distress, 20 cardiovascular disease risks, 21 depression and anxiety, 22 and may experience maladaptive adult attachment in relationships 23 (for meta-analysis, see Reference 24) Previous foundational research in childhood trauma conducted by Vincent Felitti and colleagues found several…”
The mediating role of attachment and anger: exploring the impact of maternal early-life maltreatment on child abuse potential
Wuebken, K., Bermpohl, F., Boedeker, K., Attar, C. H., Kluczniok, D., Schoofs, N., Fuchs, A., Neukel, C., Herpertz, S. C., Brunner, R. M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1267038 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Consistent with this theory, a link between ELM and insecure attachment has been reported (21–23).”
Background
Exploring emotion regulation mechanisms and attachment styles in individuals with childhood traum
Karna, A., & Simon, S. (2024) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.1.1061 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Reciprocal Dynamics of Therapeutic Alliance and Depressive Symptoms in Inpatient Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy: The Role of Attachment Insecurity.
Diehm, M. L., Kunz, J. I., Goerigk, S., Wolf, J., Lange, J., Jobst, A., Padberg, F., & Reinhard, M. A. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70200 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Physical abuse has been linked to avoid-ant attachment (Unger and De Luca 2014), and neglect to anx-ious attachment (Finzi et al. 2001), although findings are mixed (Widom et al. 2017).”
Childhood Physical Maltreatment and Borderline Personality Disorder Features in Adolescents: Mediating and Moderating Effects of Attachment Styles and Gender
Costanzo, G., Falgares, G., Manna, G., Infurna, M. R., Mastrilli, G., Giannone, F., & Lamis, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2024.2374428 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In line with previous studies (Hayre et al., 2019; Unger & De Luca, 2014; Widom et al., 2018), this result suggests that children may develop different strategies to deal with physically abusive family environments.”
Exploring sexual and romantic functioning as early risk factors of schizophrenia: a narrative review
Dospělová, P., Šustová, P., Zakreski, E., & Androvičová, R. (2025) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/sexmed/qfaf002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“Physical abuse has been linked to avoidant attachment, with survivors limiting emotional dependence to protect against further harm (Finzi et al., 2000, 2001; McCarthy & Maughan, 2010; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Broken Bonds, Lonely Hearts? A Mediation Analysis of Childhood Adversity, Relationship Quality, and Loneliness in Later Life
Xiang, X., Wang, X., Kong, D., & Habash, S. (2026) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2026.2613866 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Prior research has shown that children who experience abuse and neglect are more likely to develop insecure attachment styles, which can lead to relationship difficulties in young adulthood and midlife (Baer & Martinez, 2006; Riggs & Kaminski, 2010; Taussig & Culhane, 2010; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Examining the Pathways from Different Childhood Maltreatment to Internet Addiction for Adolescents: Based on I-PACE Model
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“In contrast, physical abuse and emotional neglect are more likely to foster avoidant attachment (Struck et al., 2020; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
ACE and its implication over the lifespan
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“A positive relationship between physical abuse in childhood and both attachment avoidance and anxiety was found previously in cisgender adults (Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Child maltreatment, adult romantic attachment and parental sense of competence
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Attachment Insecurity Mediates the Associations Between Childhood Trauma and Duration of Emotions During a Laboratory-Based Sexual Conflict Discussion Among Couples
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“…caregiver, are associated with the development of a person’s view of themselves and others, leading to a fear of rejection (i.e., attachment anxiety) and discomfort with closeness in relationships (i.e., attachment avoidance; Erozkan, 2016; Godbout et al., 2017, 2019; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
Bağlanma Stillerinin Çocukluk Çağı Travmatik Yaşantıları ve İlişkilere Dair Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar Açısından İncelenmesi: Romantik İlişkisi Bulunan Bireylerle Bir Araştırma
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“…abuse not only damages self-per - ception and subjective well-being directly but also shapes the relational and cognitive patterns through which individuals interpret themselves and others (Cassidy & Mohr, 2001; Guarnieri et al., 2015; Hart, 2002; Myrick et al., 2014; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
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“A Canadian study found that a history of physical abuse was associated with attachment avoidance while controlling for other forms of childhood abuse (Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
The Effects of Relationship Satisfaction with Primary Caregivers on Adult Relationship Conflict in Survivors of Childhood Abuse
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“Very few cases have found a link between elevated levels of adult attachment anxiety and childhood physical abuse (Finzi et al., 2000; Unger & De Luca, 2014).”
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The relationship between child abuse and adult attachment styles
Unger, J. A. (2011) · Mspace (University of Manitoba) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationships among adult attachment styles, childhood abuse experience and physical violence between partners in intimate relationships
Bite, I. (2003) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Childhood physical abuse, attachment, and adult social support: Test of a mediational model.
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Childhood Victimization and Physical Health in Women: The Mediating Role of Adult Attachment
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Authors: Unger, J. A. M., & De Luca, R. V.
Affiliations: University of Manitoba (CA)
Corresponding author: Unger, Jo Ann M.
ORCID: Unger, Jo Ann M.
Venue: Journal of Family Violence
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-03-23
Volume: 29
Issue: 3
Pages: 223-234
ISSN: 0885-7482 (ISSN-L)
1573-2851
DOI: 10.1007/s10896-014-9588-3
OpenAlex: W2132546172
Cited by: 95
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 6.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Family Violence (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Keywords: child physical abuse, adult attachment styles, attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, insecure attachment, social support, intimate relationships, protective factors, history of child abuse

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