Beyond urban penalty and urban sprawl: Back to living conditions as the focus of urban health

Freudenberg, Nicholas; Galea, Sandro; Vlahov, David

doi:10.1007/s10900-004-6091-4

Cited by 104Urban Transport and AccessibilityHealth disparities and outcomesUrban and Rural Development Challenges

Beyond urban penalty and urban sprawl: Back to living conditions as the focus of urban health

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Freudenberg, Nicholas, Galea, Sandro, Vlahov, David·2005·Journal of Community Health

DOI 10.1007/s10900-004-6091-4

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Abstract

Researchers have long studied urban health, both to describe the consequences of urban living and to design interventions to promote the health of people living in cities. Two approaches to understanding the impact of cities on health have been dominant, namely, urban health penalty and urban sprawl. The urban penalty approach posits that cities concentrate poor people and expose them to unhealthy physical and social environments. Urban sprawl focuses on the adverse health and environmental effects of urban growth into outlying areas. We propose a model that integrates these approaches and emphasizes urban living conditions as the primary determinant of health. The aim of the model is to move beyond describing the health-related characteristics of various urban populations towards identifying opportunities for intervention. Such a shift in framework enables meaningful comparisons that can inform public health activities at the appropriate level and evaluate their effectiveness in improving the health of urban populations. The model is illustrated with two examples from current urban public health practice.

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Authors: Freudenberg, N., Galea, S., & Vlahov, D.
Affiliations: City University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Freudenberg, Nicholas
ORCID: Freudenberg, Nicholas
Galea, Sandro
Vlahov, David
Venue: Journal of Community Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-02
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-11
ISSN: 0094-5145 (ISSN-L)
1573-3610
DOI: 10.1007/s10900-004-6091-4
OpenAlex: W2034600447
Cited by: 104
References: 55
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 20.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Community Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
Keywords: urban health, urban sprawl, living conditions, health determinants, urban poverty, social environment, physical environment
MeSH terms: Community Health Services, Health Promotion, Models, Theoretical, Poverty, Public Health, Residence Characteristics, Social Conditions, Urban Health

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Beyond urban penalty and urban sprawl: Back to living conditions as the focus of urban health

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