The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241
Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine
Friedman, J. H. (2001) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1013203451 · Cited by 30,731
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
The Elements of Statistical Learning
Hastie, T., Friedman, J., & Tibshirani, R. (2001) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-21606-5 · Cited by 24,162
Classification and Regression Trees.
Gordon, A. D., Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530946 · Cited by 23,867
Classification and Regression Trees.
Ryzin, J. V., Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288003 · Cited by 21,030
(2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27255-0_9 · Cited by 20,333
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146 · Cited by 20,302
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Ridgeway G. (1999). The state of boosting. Comput. Sci. Stat. 31:172–181
- Rubin D. B. (1986). Which ifs have causal statements? J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 81(396):961–962
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
Pierson, E., Simoiu, C., Overgoor, J., Corbett-Davies, S., Jenson, D., Shoemaker, A., Ramachandran, V., Barghouty, P., Phillips, C., Shroff, R., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1 · Cited by 552
Incarceration as Exposure: The Prison, Infectious Disease, and Other Stress-Related Illnesses
Massoglia, M. (2008) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650804900105 · Cited by 474
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing
KNOX, D., LOWE, W., & MUMMOLO, J. (2020) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055420000039 · Cited by 314
“…examples represent a mere fraction of a decades-long, multidisciplinary effort to quantify the degree to which police discriminate against civilians of color [see Atiba Goff and Kahn (2012), Fridell (2017), and Ridgeway and MacDonald (2010) for more extensive reviews of this empirical literature].”
A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis
Romei, A., & Ruggieri, S. (2014) · The Knowledge Engineering Review · doi:10.1017/s0269888913000039 · Cited by 288
“The reference work for the propensity score approach can be found in Ridgeway (2006), who adopts risk difference as a discrimination measure, called the race effect, and estimates propensity scores by logistic regression on a data set of the Oakland Police Department.”
BackgroundMethodPrecinct or prejudice? Understanding racial disparities in New York City’s stop-and-frisk policy
Goel, S., Rao, J. M., & Shroff, R. (2016) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/15-aoas897 · Cited by 285
“In a novel design, Grogger and Ridgeway (2006) analyzed traffic stops in Oakland and showed that the racial distribution of stopped individuals during the day, when a suspect’s race is readily apparent, matches the distribution at night, when the “veil of darkness” masks race, and thus concluded…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ridgeway, G.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ridgeway, Greg
- ORCID
- Ridgeway, Greg
- Venue
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-29
- ISSN
- 0748-4518 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7799
- OpenAlex
- W1966721996
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 52.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
- Keywords
- traffic stops, racial bias, police discretion, racial profiling, search, citation, stop duration, Oakland Police Department
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
