Exploring Maternal Perceptions of Infant Sleep and Feeding Method Among Mothers in the United Kingdom: A Qualitative Focus Group Study
Open accessAbstract
Background In a context with strong rhetorical support for breastfeeding in the health system, yet extremely low rates of breastfeeding after hospital discharge, U.K. women's decisions about infant feeding reflect the reality of competing priorities in their lives, including obtaining adequate sleep. Popular wisdom in the U.K. tightly links breastfeeding and inadequate night-time sleep. Mothers are advised by peers and family to introduce formula or solid foods to infants to promote longer sleep.Objectives The first objective of this study was to investigate women's understandings of the nature of infant sleep and their perceptions of links between infant feeding method and sleep. The second was to explore how these perceptions influence infant feeding and sleep practices. Underpinning our work is the understanding that infant care choices result from trade-offs by which mothers strive to balance infant- and self-care.Methods We conducted seven focus groups with mothers of infants in two regions of the U.K. Verbatim transcripts were thematically coded and emergent themes were identified.Results We found clearly diverging narratives between breastfeeding and formula-feeding mothers. Breastfeeding mothers viewed the fragmentary nature of infant sleep as natural, while mothers who were formula feeding felt this was a problem to be fixed.Conclusions and practice The strategies used to promote infant and maternal sleep in each group were aligned with their underlying perception of how infant sleep works. Maternal perceptions of the nature of infant sleep and its relation to infant feeding method impact infant care practices in the first year of life.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Women from previous focus groups described sleep disruption and fatigue interfering with their mental health, emotional stability, relationships, and ability to function.
“Women spoke about the ways in which sleep disruption and fatigue interfered with their mental health, their emotional stability, their relationships with others, and their experiences of emotions and reactions that were out of proportion with the events around them, affecting their ability and desire to function.”
From Development and evaluation of ‘Sleep, Baby & You’—An approach to supporting parental well-being and responsive infant caregiving (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Cites
Descriptive Versus Interpretive Phenomenology: Their Contributions to Nursing Knowledge
Lopez, K. A., & Willis, D. G. (2004) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732304263638 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: A systematic review of observational studies
Galland, B. C., Taylor, B. J., Elder, D. E., & Herbison, P. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.06.001 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Moon, R. Y., & Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2284 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Renfrew, M. J., McAndrew, F., Thompson, J., Fellows, L., Large, A., & Speed, M. (2011) · Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Breastfeeding, Bed‐Sharing, and Infant Sleep
Ball, H. L. (2003) · Birth · doi:10.1046/j.1523-536x.2003.00243.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A serial qualitative interview study of infant feeding experiences: idealism meets realism
Hoddinott, P., Craig, L. C. A., Britten, J., & McInnes, R. J. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000504 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Goyal, D., Gay, C., & Lee, K. A. (2009) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0070-9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“My child has a sleep problem”: A cross-cultural comparison of parental definitions
Sadeh, A., Mindell, J., & Rivera, L. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.10.008 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Breast-feeding Increases Sleep Duration of New Parents
Doan, T., Gardiner, A., Gay, C., & Lee, K. A. (2007) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.jpn.0000285809.36398.1b · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Prevalence and Reasons for Introducing Infants Early to Solid Foods: Variations by Milk Feeding Type
Clayton, H. B., Li, R., Perrine, C. G., & Scanlon, K. S. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2265 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Douglas, P. S., & Hill, P. S. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31829cafa6 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Infant Crying and Sleeping in London, Copenhagen and When Parents Adopt a “Proximal” Form of Care
James‐Roberts, I. S., Alvarez, M., Csipke, E., Abramsky, T., Goodwin, J., & Sorgenfrei, E. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2387 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms
Rosenwasser, A. M. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Fatigue, wellbeing and parenting in mothers of infants and toddlers with sleep problems
Giallo, R., Rose, N., & Vittorino, R. (2011) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2011.593030 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Gross, R. S., Fierman, A. H., Mendelsohn, A. L., Chiasson, M. A., Rosenberg, T. J., Scheinmann, R., & Messito, M. J. (2009) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2009.08.001 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Interaction Between Feeding Method and Co‐Sleeping on Maternal‐Newborn Sleep
Quillin, I. M., & Glenn, L. L. (2004) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1177/0884217504269013 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Redsell, S. A., Atkinson, P., Nathan, D., Siriwardena, A. N., Swift, J. A., & Glazebrook, C. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-711 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Breastfeeding and infant sleep patterns: an A ustralian population study
Galbally, M., Lewis, A. J., McEgan, K. M., Scalzo, K., & Islam, A. F. M. (2013) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12089 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Negotiating Sleep: A Qualitative Study of New Mothers
Kennedy, H. P., Gardiner, A., Gay, C., & Lee, K. A. (2007) · Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.jpn.0000270628.51122.1d · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Needs of Others: Gender and Sleep Interruptions for Caregivers
Burgard, S. A. (2011) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/89.4.1189 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Expert Consultation on the Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding
Habicht, J. (2004) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Infant Feeding Methods and Maternal Sleep and Daytime Functioning
Montgomery‐Downs, H. E., Clawges, H. M., & Santy, E. E. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1269 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Brown, A., & Harries, V. (2015) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.0153 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Infant feeding practices: understanding the decision-making process.
Marchand, L. R., & Mh, M. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Inner-City Caregivers’ Perspectives on Bed Sharing With Their Infants
Chianese, J., Ploof, D. L., Trovato, C. A., & Chang, J. C. (2009) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2008.11.005 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Research methodologies to investigate the experience of breastfeeding: A discussion paper
Spencer, R. L. (2008) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.04.008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kurth, E., Spichiger, E., Stutz, E. Z., Biedermann, J., Hösli, I., & Kennedy, H. P. (2010) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-10-21 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Trade‐offs underlying maternal breastfeeding decisions: a conceptual model
Tully, K. P., & Ball, H. L. (2011) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00378.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hakala, P., Saarni, L. A., Ketola, R. L., Rahkola, E. T., Salminen, J. J., & Rimpelä, A. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-11 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rosen, L. A. (2008) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00299.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
ABM Clinical Protocol #6: Guideline on Co-Sleeping and Breastfeeding
The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee (2008) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2007.9979 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Speaking Out on Safe Sleep: Evidence-Based Infant Sleep Recommendations
Bartick, M., & Smith, L. J. (2014) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.0113 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Process of "Persevering Toward Normalcy" After Childbirth
Doering, J. J., & Durfor, S. L. (2011) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0b013e31821826e7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Disconfirmed expectations of infant behaviours and postnatal depressive symptoms among parents
Muscat, T., Thorpe, K. J., & Obst, P. L. (2012) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2012.670804 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wight, N. E., & Marinelli, K. A. (2014) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.9986 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ball, H. L., Howel, D., Bryant, A., Best, E., Russell, C. K., & Platt, M. W. (2016) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13354 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019
Blair, P. S., Ball, H. L., McKenna, J. J., Feldman‐Winter, L., Marinelli, K. A., Bartick, M., Young, M. A., Noble, L., Calhoun, S., Elliott-Rudder, M., et al. (2020) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2019.29144.psb · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Marinelli, K. A., Ball, H. L., McKenna, J. J., & Blair, P. S. (2019) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/0890334419851797 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationToward an Integrated Anthropology of Infant Sleep
Ball, H. L., Tomori, C., & McKenna, J. J. (2019) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13284 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Verger, N. B., Urbanowicz, A. M., Shankland, R., & McAloney‐Kocaman, K. (2020) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100123 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ball, H. L., Douglas, P. S., Kulasinghe, K., Whittingham, K., & Hill, P. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.08.007 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Discrepancies in maternal reports of infant sleep vs. actigraphy by mode of feeding
Rudzik, A. E. F., Robinson‐Smith, L., & Ball, H. L. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.06.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationBiologically normal sleep in the mother‐infant dyad
Rudzik, A. E. F., & Ball, H. L. (2021) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23589 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationABM Clinical Protocol #34: Breast Cancer and Breastfeeding
Johnson, H. M., Mitchell, K. B., Young, M. A., Noble, L., Bartick, M., Calhoun, S., Carceles-Fraguas, M. V., Elliott-Rudder, M., Feldman‐Winter, L., Kair, L. R., et al. (2020) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2020.29157.hmj · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Reasons mothers bedshare: A review of its effects on infant behavior and development
Barry, E. S., & McKenna, J. J. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101684 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
ABM Clinical Protocol #32: Management of Hyperlactation
Johnson, H. M., Eglash, A. R., Mitchell, K. B., Leeper, K., Smillie, C. M., Moore-Ostby, L., Manson, N., Simon, L., Young, M. A., Noble, L., et al. (2020) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2019.29141.hmj · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ball, H. L., Taylor, C. E., Thomas, V., Douglas, P. S., & the SBY working group (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237240 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sleep quality at 3 months postpartum considering maternal age: A comparative study
Wen, S.-Y., Ko, Y., Jou, H., & Chien, L. (2018) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2018.02.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mitchell, K. B., Johnson, H. M., Eglash, A. R., Young, M. A., Noble, L., Reece-Stremtan, S., Bartick, M., Calhoun, S., Dodd, S. E., Elliott-Rudder, M., et al. (2019) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2019.29124.kjm · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zimmerman, D. R., Bartick, M., Feldman‐Winter, L., & Ball, H. L. (2023) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2023.29236.abm · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effects of a supportive care bundle on sleep variables of preterm infants during hospitalization
Lan, H., Yang, L., Hsieh, K., Yin, T., Chang, Y., & Liaw, J. (2018) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21865 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Contextual considerations in infant sleep: Offering alternative interventions to families
D’Souza, L., & Cassels, T. G. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.05.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Postpartum maternal function and parenting stress: Comparison by feeding methods
Maehara, K., Mori, E., Iwata, H., Sakajo, A., Aoki, K., & Morita, A. (2017) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12549 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Maternal perceptions of advice on sleep in young children: How, what, and when?
Hatton, R. E. M., & Gardani, M. (2018) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12300 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Infant feeding practices and sleep development in pre‐schoolers from the EDEN mother–child cohort
Murcia, L., Reynaud, È., Messayke, S., Davisse‐Paturet, C., Forhan, A., Heude, B., Charles, M.-A. A., de Lauzon‐Guillain, B., & Plancoulaine, S. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12859 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ruan, H., Zhang, Y., Tang, Q., Zhao, X., Zhao, X., Xiang, Y., Geng, W., Feng, Y., & Cai, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.973291 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Physical activity and objectively assessed sleep in 6‐month‐old infants in Taiwan
Wang, Y., Chen, L., Tung, Y., Lee, C., & Tsai, S. (2019) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21929 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Davies, S. M., Todd-Leonida, B. F., Fallon, V., & Silverio, S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084494 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Does the feeding method affect the quality of infant and maternal sleep? A systematic review
Manková, D., Švancarová, S., & Štenclová, E. (2023) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101868 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shared Sleeping Surfaces and Dangerous Sleeping Environments
Young, J., & Shipstone, R. A. (2018) · University of Adelaide Press eBooks · doi:10.20851/sids-11 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Breastfeeding Duration and Infant Sleep Location in a Cohort of Volunteer Breastfeeding Counselors
Bailey, C., Tawia, S., & McGuire, E. (2019) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/0890334419851801 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chae, S., Yeo, J., & Chung, N. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.10.013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zanetti, N., D’Souza, L., Tchernegovski, P., & Blunden, S. L. (2022) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2369 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Biocultural Lactation: Integrated Approaches to Studying Lactation Within and Beyond Anthropology
Quinn, E. A., Palmquist, A. E. L., & Tomori, C. (2023) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110135 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Preschoolers' perceptions of neighborhood environment, safety, and help-seeking
Katz, C., McLeigh, J. D., & szwec, B. E. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Grubb, C., Young, J., Downer, T., & D’Souza, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1629678 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
To sleep or to breastfeed: Associations between feeding method and sleep in infants and children
Hershon, M., Kiafar, A., Laganière, C., Pokhvisneva, I., Gaudreau, H., & Pennestri, M. (2024) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.17237 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Baby-Lag: Methods for Assessing Parental Tiredness and Fatigue
Rudzik, A. E. F., & Ball, H. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44103-0_3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPerrella, S. L., Dix‐Matthews, A., Williams, J. E., Rea, A., & Geddes, D. T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013098 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Mother-Infant Sleep Nexus: Night-Time Experiences in Early Infancy and Later Outcomes
Ball, H. L. (2019) · Bioarchaeology and social theory · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27393-4_9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mỹ, Đ. T. T., Chipojola, R., Lee, G. T., Huda, M. H., Chen, S., & Kuo, S. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2022.09.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Matin, M., Brockway, M. L., Badejo, A., Kouroupis, A., Janke, R., & Keys, E. (2017) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.1163/18762891-bja00034 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Rigorous and Systematic Qualitative Data Analysis in Biological Anthropology”
Wutich, A., Nelson, R., DuBois, L. Z., Astorino, C. M., Knudson, K. J., Reynolds, A. W., Riley, E. P., Smith, R. W. A., VanSickle, C., Carroll, S. R., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Parent decision factors, safety strategies, and fears about infant sleep locations
Doering, J. J., Marvin, A., & Strook, S. (2017) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2017.01.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kosher, H., & Katz, C. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106307 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dobson, A., Hornsey, S., Ghio, D., Latter, S. M., Santer, M., & Müller, I. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16166 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Abuhammad, S., Younis, A. B., & Ahmed, A. H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29885 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Narrative Review of Maternal Sleep Issues with a Focus on Mental Health in the Postpartum Period
Smith, A. M., & Saleh, L. (2021) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-021-00840-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cohen, N., Kosher, H., & Katz, C. (2021) · International Journal on Child Maltreatment Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s42448-021-00082-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Construction of the Views oN Infant Sleep (VNIS) Questionnaire
Boedker, I., Ball, H. L., Richter, M. M., South, T., & Roberts, S. G. B. (2024) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.105989 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lim, E. S. M., Williams, J. E., Vlaskovsky, P., Ireland, D. J., Geddes, D. T., & Perrella, S. L. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11060655 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liebregts, H., Metse, A. P., Steele, A. R., DeMott, J., MacMillan, K. K., Marriott, R., & Almeida, R. A. (2025) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106346 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sleep for infants after discharge from a neonatal ward: Expert- and parent endorsed strategies
de Groot, E. R., van den Hoogen, A., Ryan, M. A., L’Hoir, M. P., Kanits, F., Sierksma, N. E., van der Schoor, S. R. D., Quante, M., Gliniak, C., & Dudink, J. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-03811-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019
Blair, P. S., Ball, H. L., McKenna, J. J., Feldman‐Winter, L., Marinelli, K. A., & Bartick, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-68013-4.00043-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Understanding parents' expectations of infant sleep: Part 1
Docherty, G., & McMillan, L. (2025) · Journal of family & child health. · doi:10.12968/jfch.2025.2.2.93 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flynn, P., Gibbs, D., & Spirtos, M. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf169 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Early Childhood Pediatric Sleep Concerns for Parents: Co-sleeping☆
Sullivan, S. S., & Ball, H. L. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.00880-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maternal Adaptation in the Role of Caring for and Rearing 12-Month-old abies
Sehn, A. S., Feeburg, N. L., Piccinini, C. A., & Lopes, R. C. S. (2019) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2019.3-05
Chwalko, J. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32479797
- Authors
- Rudzik, A. E. F., & Ball, H. L.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rudzik, Alanna E. F.
- Venue
- Maternal and Child Health Journal
- Published
- 2015-07-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-40
- ISSN
- 1092-7875 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6628
- OpenAlex
- W1962192940
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Maternal and Child Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I030123/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- infant sleep, infant feeding methods, breastfeeding, bottle feeding, maternal perceptions, nocturnal sleep, infant care practices, infant feeding decisions
- MeSH terms
- Infant Health, Child, Feeding Behavior, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Infant, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Mothers, Perception, Self Care, Sleep, Focus Groups, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review