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Early Childhood Adversity and Pregnancy Outcomes
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Objectives To examine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and pregnancy outcomes; to explore mediators of this association including psychiatric illness and health habits.Methods Exposure to ACEs was determined by the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report Short Form; psychiatric diagnoses were generated by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered in a cohort of 2303 pregnant women. Linear regression and structural equation modeling bootstrapping approaches tested for multiple mediators.Results Each additional ACE decreased birth weight by 16.33 g and decreased gestational age by 0.063. Smoking was the strongest mediator of the effect on gestational age.Conclusions ACEs have an enduring effect on maternal reproductive health, as manifested by mothers' delivery of offspring that were of reduced birth weight and shorter gestational age.
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“Findings lend support to a large literature linking various forms of stress and distress to birth timing (e.g., Manuck et al., 2015) and add to a small literature implicating childhood stress in particular (Christiaens et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2016).”
From Childhood stress and birth timing among African American women: cortisol as biological mediator (2017) · cites this paper as Smith et al., 2016
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, M. V., Gotman, N., & Yonkers, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Megan V.
- Venue
- Maternal and Child Health Journal
- Published
- 2016-01-14
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 790-798
- ISSN
- 1092-7875 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6628
- PMC
- PMC4849279
- OpenAlex
- W2237725051
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 17.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Maternal and Child Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Yonkers (HD045735)
- Mazure (DA031050)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, pregnancy outcomes, birth weight, gestational age, maternal smoking, mental illness, health habits
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Life Change Events, Massachusetts, Mothers, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Violence, Crime Victims, Premature Birth
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