Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management

Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model

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Risk Perception and Communication Unplugged: Twenty Years of Process1

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Best Practices in Crisis Communication: An Expert Panel Process

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Informing and educating the public about risk.

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Social science research related to wildfire management: an overview of recent findings and future research needs

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The role of risk perceptions in the risk mitigation process: The case of wildfire in high risk communities

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On the state of the art: risk communication to the public

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Wildfire Policy and Public Lands: Integrating Scientific Understanding with Social Concerns across Landscapes

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Communication Gaps in Disaster Management: Perceptions by Experts from Governmental and Non‐Governmental Organizations

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Testing a Structured Decision Approach: Value‐Focused Thinking for Deliberative Risk Communication

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Using Stakeholder Values to Make Smarter Environmental Decisions

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Effective Risk Communication

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Evacuation Behavior during Wildfires: Results of Three Case Studies

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Goals, obstacles, and strategies in risk communication: A problem‐solving approach to improving communication about risks

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Fuel Treatments at the Wildland-Urban Interface: Common Concerns in Diverse Regions

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Toward Improved Communication about Wildland Fire: Mental Models Research to Identify Information Needs for Natural Resource Management

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Fire and Fuel Management Communication Strategies: Citizen Evaluations of Agency Outreach Activities

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Crisis and Risk Approaches to Emergency Management Planning and Communication: The Role of Similarity and Sensitivity

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Evaluating Risk Communications: Completing and Correcting Mental Models of Hazardous Processes, Part II

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The Role of Trust in Community Wildland Fire Protection Planning

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Fighting Fire with Education: What Is the Best Way to Reach Out to Homeowners?

McCaffrey, S. (2004) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/102.5.12 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

The public and wildland fire management: social science findings for managers

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The art of learning: wildfire, amenity migration and local environmental knowledge

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Research perspectives on the public and fire management: a synthesis of current social science on eight essential questions

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Another Part of the Risk Communication Model: Analysis of Communication Processes and Message Content

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Expanding the crisis planning function: Introducing elements of risk communication to crisis communication practice

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Trust, acceptance, and citizen–agency interactions after large fires: influences on planning processes

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Community wildfire protection planning: is the Healthy Forests Restoration Act’s vagueness genius?

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Coping with Interface Wildfire as a Human Event: Lessons from the Disaster/Hazards Literature

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Reducing fuels in the wildland–urban interface: community perceptions of agency fuels treatments

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Managing the Wildland–Urban Interface in the Northeast: Perceptions of Fire Risk and Hazard Reduction Strategies

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Public perspectives of fire, fuels and the Forest Service in the Great Lakes Region: a survey of citizen–agency communication and trust

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Organizational Theory and the Stages of Risk Communication

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An Event-Based Approach for Examining the Effects of Wildland Fire Decisions on Communities

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Community Relationship Building: Local Leadership in the Risk Communication Infrastructure

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Public Support for Fire-Management Policies

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Wildland Burning: The Perception of Risk

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Hands-on Learning: Its Effectiveness in Teaching the Public about Wildland Fire

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Just Blowing Smoke? Residents’ Social Construction of Communication about Wildfire

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The Risks of Using Nuclear Energy Sources in Space: Some Lay Activists’Perceptions

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Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware

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Introduction

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Negative consequences of positive feedbacks in US wildfire management

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Examining risk and crisis communications of government agencies and stakeholders during early-stages of COVID-19 on Twitter

Wang, Y., Hao, H., & Platt, L. S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106568 · Cited by 258 · see citing works

Fire suppression makes wildfires more severe and accentuates impacts of climate change and fuel accumulation

Kreider, M. R., Higuera, P. E., Parks, S. A., Rice, W. L., White, N. D., & Larson, A. J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46702-0 · Cited by 252 · see citing works

Community Wildfire Preparedness: a Global State-of-the-Knowledge Summary of Social Science Research

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The Science of Firescapes: Achieving Fire-Resilient Communities

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Categorizing the Social Context of the Wildland Urban Interface: Adaptive Capacity for Wildfire and Community “Archetypes”

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What information do people use, trust, and find useful during a disaster? Evidence from five large wildfires

Steelman, T. A., McCaffrey, S., Velez, A. K., & Briefel, J. A. (2014) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1512-x · Cited by 187 · see citing works

Examining fire-prone forest landscapes as coupled human and natural systems

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Lived experience of a record wildfire season in the Northwest Territories, Canada

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Wildland fire risk research in Canada

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Crisis translation: considering language needs in multilingual disaster settings

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Risk Communication Emergency Response Preparedness: Contextual Assessment of the Protective Action Decision Model

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Crisis Communication in Public Health Emergencies: The Limits of ‘Legal Control’ and the Risks for Harmful Outcomes in a Digital Age

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Enhancing flash flood risk perception and awareness of mitigation actions through risk communication: A pre-post survey design

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Community diversity and hazard events: understanding the evolution of local approaches to wildfire

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Organizations’ Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review of Business Articles

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Risk Management and Analytics in Wildfire Response

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Public information seeking, place-based risk messaging and wildfire preparedness in southern California

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A network analysis of official Twitter accounts during the West Virginia water crisis

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A State of Emergency in Crisis Communication an Intercultural Crisis Communication Research Agenda

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Drivers of California’s changing wildfires: a state-of-the-knowledge synthesis

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The influence of tailored risk communication on individual adaptive behaviour

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Are two earthquakes better than one? How earthquakes in two different regions affect risk judgments and preparation in three locations

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Methods of conducting effective outreach to private well owners – a literature review and model approach

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Exploring the Influence of Local Social Context on Strategies for Achieving Fire Adapted Communities

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“Washed away”—assessing community perceptions of flooding and prevention strategies: a North Queensland example

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Wildfire Outreach and Citizen Entrepreneurs in the Wildland–Urban Interface: A Cross-Case Analysis in Colorado

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‘Put the wet stuff on the hot stuff’: The legacy and drivers of conflict surrounding wildfire suppression

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Understanding Information Exchange During Disaster Response

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Exploring persons with disabilities preparedness, perceptions and experiences of disasters in Tuvalu

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When a hazard occurs where it is not expected: risk judgments about different regions after the Christchurch earthquakes

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Exploring influences on intended evacuation behaviors during wildfire: What roles for pre-fire actions and event-based cues?

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Monster wildfires and metaphor in risk communication

Matlock, T., Coe, C. M., & Westerling, A. L. (2017) · Metaphor and Symbol · doi:10.1080/10926488.2017.1384273 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

The influence of accountability for the crisis and type of crisis communication on people’s behavior, feelings and relationship with the government

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A scoping review of wildfire smoke risk communications: issues, gaps, and recommendations

Vien, M. H., Ivey, S. L., Boyden, H., Holm, S. M., & Neuhauser, L. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17681-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Efficacy of Communication Techniques and Health Outcomes of Bushfire Smoke Exposure: A Scoping Review

Heaney, E., Hunter, L., Clulow, A., Bowles, D. C., & Vardoulakis, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010889 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Communicating About Smoke from Wildland Fire: Challenges and Opportunities for Managers

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Please Scream Inside Your Heart: Compounded Loss and Coping during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Scheinfeld, E., Gangi, K., Nelson, E. C., & Sinardi, C. C. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1886413 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Mortality Reporting and Rumor Generation: An Assessment of Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication following Hurricane María in Puerto Rico

Andrade, E. L., Barrett, N. D., Edberg, M. C., Rivera, M. I., Latinovic, L., Seeger, M. W., Goldman-Hawes, A., & Santos‐Burgoa, C. (2020) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · doi:10.30658/jicrcr.3.1.2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Linking information provision to behavioural intentions

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Pre-season fire management planning: the use of Potential Operational Delineations to prepare for wildland fire events

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Supporting a shift in wildfire management from fighting fires to thriving with fires: The need for translational wildfire science

Tedim, F. M. S., McCaffrey, S., Leone, V., Varela, C. V., Depietri, Y., Buergelt, P. T., & Lovreglio, R. (2021) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102565 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Trust and compassion in willingness to share mobility and sheltering resources in evacuations: A case study of the 2017 and 2018 California Wildfires

Wong, S. D., Walker, J. L., & Shaheen, S. (2020) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101900 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Advancing characterization of social diversity in the wildland-urban interface: An indicator approach for wildfire management

Paveglio, T. B., Nielsen‐Pincus, M., Abrams, J., & Moseley, C. (2017) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.12.013 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

How does information affect fire risk reduction behaviors? Mediating effects of cognitive processes and subjective knowledge

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Enhancing response coordination through the assessment of response network structural dynamics

Abbasi, A., Sadeghi‐Niaraki, A., Jalili, M., & Choi, S.-M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191130 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Exploring Wildfire-Prone Community Trust in Wildfire Management Agencies

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A Qualitative Study on the US Forest Service’s Risk Management Assistance Efforts to Improve Wildfire Decision-Making

Schultz, C. A., Miller, L. F., Greiner, S. M., & Kooistra, C. M. (2021) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f12030344 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Local Ecological Knowledge and Fire Management: What Does the Public Understand?

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Qualitative Insights From Governmental Public Health Employees About Experiences Serving During the COVID-19 Pandemic, PH WINS 2021

Yeager, V. A., Madsen, E. R., & Schaffer, K. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001644 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Fukushima ETHOS: Post-Disaster Risk Communication, Affect, and Shifting Risks

Kimura, A. H. (2017) · Science as Culture · doi:10.1080/09505431.2017.1325458 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Heat-health warnings in regional Australia: examining public perceptions and responses

Williams, S. S., Hanson‐Easey, S., Nitschke, M., Howell, S. C., Nairn, J. R., Beattie, C., Wynwood, G., & Bi, P. (2018) · Environmental Hazards · doi:10.1080/17477891.2018.1538867 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Wildfire Smoke Risk Communication Efficacy: A Content Analysis of Washington State's 2018 Statewide Smoke Event Public Health Messaging

Deventer, D. V., Marecaux, J., Doubleday, A., Errett, N. A., & Isaksen, T. B. (2020) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001151 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Recovery during a crisis: facing the challenges of risk assessment and resilience management of COVID-19

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A Mixed Methods Literature Review and Framework for Decision Factors That May Influence the Utilization of Managed Wildfire on Federal Lands, USA

Fillmore, S. D., McCaffrey, S., & Smith, A. M. S. (2021) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire4030062 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Understanding wildfire mitigation and preparedness in the context of extreme wildfires and disasters

McCaffrey, S., McGee, T. K., Coughlan, M. R., & Tedim, F. M. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815721-3.00008-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Acquiring vulnerability indicators to geo-hydrological hazards: An example of mobile phone-based data collection

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Hazards of Risk: Identifying Plausible Community Wildfire Disasters in Low-Frequency Fire Regimes

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Communication strategies to address geohydrological risks: the POLARIS web initiative in Italy

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Protective behaviors against wildfire smoke in the western United States: An extended protection motivation theory perspective

Duan, R., & Bombara, C. (2023) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103956 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

The suppression model fragilities

Xanthopoulos, G., Leone, V., & Delogu, G. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815721-3.00007-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Wildfire survival plans in theory and practice

Eriksen, C., Penman, T. D., Horsey, B., & Bradstock, R. A. (2016) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf14193 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Decision-making during a crisis: the interplay of narratives and statistical information before and after crisis communication

Bakker, M. H., Kerstholt, J. H., van Bommel, M., & Giebels, E. (2018) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2018.1473464 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Active Hydrothermal Features as Tourist Attractions

Erfurt-Cooper, P. (2017) · Advances in volcanology · doi:10.1007/11157_2016_33 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Does Trust Help to Improve Residents’ Perceptions of the Efficacy of Disaster Preparedness? Evidence from Wenchuan and Lushan Earthquakes in Sichuan Province, China

Zhang, F., Bao, X., Deng, X., Wei, W., Song, J., & Xu, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084515 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Integrating cultural ecosystem services in wildfire risk assessment

Vigna, I., Battisti, L., Ascoli, D., Besana, A., Pezzoli, A., & Comino, E. (2023) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104977 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Risk Communication and Behavior: Best Practices and Research Findings

Brown, V., Fauver, S., Geppi, D., Haynes, A. C. R., Klockow-McClain, K. E., & Nagele, D. (2016) · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The interplay between governmental communications and fellow citizens’ reactions via twitter: Experimental results of a theoretical crisis in the Netherlands

Bakker, M. H., van Bommel, M., Kerstholt, J. H., & Giebels, E. (2018) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12252 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Applying information network analysis to fire-prone landscapes: implications for community resilience

Jacobs, D. B., & Cramer, L. A. (2017) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-09119-220152 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Is early evacuation the best and only strategy to protect and mitigate the effects of forest fires in WUI areas? A qualitative research on the residents’ response during the 2021 forest fires in NE Attica, Greece

Zikeloglou, I., Lekkas, E., Lozios, S., & Stavropoulou, M. (2023) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103612 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Fire risk communication in the urban informal sector: Evidence from traditional marketplaces in Accra, Ghana

Abunyewah, M., Okyere, S. A., Frimpong, L. K., Diko, S. K., Erdiaw‐Kwasie, M. O., & Boateng, V. (2022) · Risk Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy · doi:10.1002/rhc3.12259 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Deciding to Help: Effects of Risk and Crisis Communication

Bakker, M. H., Kerstholt, J. H., & Giebels, E. (2017) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12155 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Facebook as an official communication channel in a crisis

Atkinson, S., Kim, C., & Lee, J. Y. (2021) · Australian Journal of Emergency Management · doi:10.47389/36.1.92 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

“When people see me, they know me; they trust what I say”: characterizing the role of trusted sources for smoke risk communication in the Okanogan River Airshed Emphasis Area

Wood, L. M., D’Evelyn, S. M., Errett, N. A., Bostrom, A., Desautel, C., Alvarado, E., Ray, K., & Spector, J. T. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14816-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Public Attention to Risks, Hazards, and Disasters: A Retrospective Review and Proposed Conceptual Model

Silver, A. (2019) · Risk Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy · doi:10.1002/rhc3.12165 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Emergency Notification: Warnings and Alerts

Kuligowski, E. D., & Dootson, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_48-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Exploring the impact of resident proximity to wildfires in the northern Rocky Mountains: Perceptions of climate change risks, drought, and policy

Craig, C. A., Allen, M. W., Feng, S., & Spialek, M. L. (2019) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101420 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Wildfire Smoke and Protective Actions in Canadian Indigenous Communities

Batdorf, B., & McGee, T. K. (2023) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos14081204 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Spatial distribution of wildfire threat in the far north: exposure assessment in boreal communities

Schmidt, J. I., Ziel, R. H., Calef, M. P., & Varvak, A. (2024) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-023-06365-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A network under stress: using embeddedness to understand uncertainty management and resilience in campus emergencies

Ford, J. L., Ford, J. S., Frei, S. S., Pilny, A. N., & Berkelaar, B. L. (2016) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2016.1192288 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Constructing and justifying risk and accountability after extreme events: public administration and stakeholders’ responses to a wildfire disaster

Johansson, J., & Lidskog, R. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning · doi:10.1080/1523908x.2020.1740656 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Is Being Funny a Useful Policy? How Local Governments’ Humorous Crisis Response Strategies and Crisis Responsibilities Influence Trust, Emotions, and Behavioral Intentions

Hämpke, J., Röseler, S., & Thielsch, M. T. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Science · doi:10.1007/s13753-022-00436-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Wildland-urban interface fires in Norwegian coastal heathlands – Identifying risk reducing measures

Gjedrem, A. M., & Metallinou, M.-M. (2022) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.106032 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Helping behavior in a virtual crisis situation: effects of safety awareness and crisis communication

Stubbé, H. E., van Emmerik, M. L., & Kerstholt, J. H. (2015) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2015.1071865 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Leveraging Social Computing for Personalized Crisis Communication using Social Media

Leykin, D., Aharonson‐Daniel, L., & Lahad, M. (2016) · PLoS Currents · doi:10.1371/currents.dis.b2c5870adf1b7a77af82e7d5552aabe7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Natural and environmental risk communication: A scoping review of campaign experiences, applications and tools

Massa, A., & Comunello, F. (2024) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104936 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Building crisis capacity with data breaches: the role of stakeholder relationship management and strategic communication

Diers-Lawson, A. R., Symons, A., & Zeng, C. (2021) · Corporate Communications An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccij-02-2021-0024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Coping With COVID-19: Health Risk Communication and Vulnerable Groups

Bailey, A. E., Harris, M. A., Bogle, D., Jama, A., Muir, S. A., Miller, S., Walters, C. A., & Govia, I. (2021) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2021.225 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Components and Drivers of Long-term Risk Communication: Exploring the Within-Communicator, Relational, and Content Dimensions in the Swedish Forest Context

Eriksson, L. (2016) · Organization & Environment · doi:10.1177/1086026616649647 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Emergency risk communication: Implications from the 2019 Arkansas River floods

Manandhar, R., Peters, E. J., & Swindell, B. (2024) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.105134 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Managing stakeholder relationships for improved situation awareness during volcanic emergencies: An Eastern Caribbean case study

Graham, O., Edwards, S., & Robertson, R. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102656 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Bridging warning and adaptation addressing risk communication strategies for short-term natural hazard warnings and long-term risk adaptation – A scoping review

Graf, J., Renner, R., & Klebel, T. (2026) · Progress in Disaster Science · doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2026.100515 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Exploring the effectiveness of avalanche risk communication: A qualitative study of avalanche bulletin use among backcountry recreationists

Clair, A. S. (2019) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Importance of organizational volunteer retention and communication with volunteers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Windon, S., Robotham, D., & Echols, A. E. (2023) · Community Development · doi:10.1080/15575330.2023.2186457 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Social media: connecting and sharing in a bushfire crisis

Atkinson, S., & Lee, J.-Y. (2023) · Media International Australia · doi:10.1177/1329878x231163367 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

An Overview of Risk Communication

Covello, V. T. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119081753.ch3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Stakeholders′ Perceptions of Environmental and Public Health Risks Associated with Hydrocarbon Activities in and around the Vasilikos Energy Center, Cyprus

Kleovoulou, E. G., Konstantinou, C., Constantinou, A., Kuijpers, E., Loh, M. M., Galea, K. S., Stierum, R. H., Pronk, A., & Makris, K. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413133 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Handbook of Research on Investigations in Artificial Life Research and Development

Domdouzis, K. (2018) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5396-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Risk-based shelter network design in flood-prone areas: An application to Haiti

Sharbaf, M., Bélanger, V., Cherkesly, M., Rancourt, M., & Toglia, G. M. (2024) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2024.103194 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Influences on stakeholder support for a wildfire early warning system in a UK protected area

Edgeley, C. M., & Paveglio, T. B. (2016) · Environmental Hazards · doi:10.1080/17477891.2016.1209155 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Emergency management Wildfire policy

Steelman, T. A., & Mccaffrey, S. (2016)

Risk Communication for Resilient Societies – a Critical Review of Practices and Trends in Europe

Höppner, M. B. (2010)

Unpacking the practices of compound hazard communication

Hawley, E., Mocatta, G., & Hess, K. (2026) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106309

The 'Best Practices' in Risk and Crisis Communication: Past, Present, and Future

Korbas-Magal, D., & Reich, Z. (2010) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Characteristics of Effective Communication Before and During a Wildland Fire Event: Evidence from the Hat Creek Complex Fire, 2009

Sawyer, C. (2010) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)