Traditional Versus Internet Media in a Restricted Information Environment: How Trust in the Medium Matters
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A lack of trust in the state is associated with a lack of trust in media.
“Gainous et al.'s (2018) study on Malaysia, which has a restrictive media environment, and Jones' ( 2004) study on the United States both found that a lack of trust in the state is associated with a lack of trust in media.”
From Can Pandora's Box Be Closed? How People in Myanmar Access and Identify Trustworthy Information After the Coup (2026) · cites this paper as Gainous et al., 2018
People in autocracies are less likely to trust journalists because they know journalists must self-censor to secure and maintain their positions, but they are also more likely to trust online news because they perceive it to be less censored.
“People in autocracies are less likely to trust journalists because they know journalists must self-censor to secure and maintain their positions, but they are also more likely to trust online news because they perceive it to be less censored (Gainous et al., 2018;Tsfati, 2010).”
From Can Pandora's Box Be Closed? How People in Myanmar Access and Identify Trustworthy Information After the Coup (2026) · cites this paper as Gainous et al., 2018
Cites
Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2454 · Cited by 28,717 · see citing works
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,384 · see citing works
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Ghosh, S., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1988) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269814 · Cited by 4,730 · see citing works
Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching
Iacus, S. M., King, G., & Porro, G. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpr013 · Cited by 3,563 · see citing works
Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781353 · Cited by 3,459 · see citing works
Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide
Tefft, S. (2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-1165 · Cited by 2,940 · see citing works
Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide
Norris, P. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139164887 · Cited by 2,921 · see citing works
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
Shapiro, R. Y. (2000) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2657613 · Cited by 2,739 · see citing works
Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality.
Seasholes, B., Verba, S., & Nie, N. H. (1974) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2576853 · Cited by 2,587 · see citing works
Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2001) · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x · Cited by 1,821 · see citing works
Cem: Coarsened Exact Matching in Stata
Blackwell, M., Iacus, S., King, G., & Porro, G. (2009) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0900900402 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
Prior, M. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139878425 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
Hindman, M. (2008) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400837496 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Social media use and participation: a meta-analysis of current research
Boulianne, S. (2015) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2015.1008542 · Cited by 1,395 · see citing works
Competitive Authoritarianism: Acronyms and Abbreviations
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010) · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
Competitive Authoritarianism: Introduction and Theory
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010) · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-1733 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
(2006) · Lynne Rienner Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781685857479 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Does Internet Use Affect Engagement? A Meta-Analysis of Research
Boulianne, S. (2009) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600902854363 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/105846099198659 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
Electoral authoritarianism: the dynamics of unfree competition
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2347 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Does technology drive history?: the dilemma of technological determinism
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-3271 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y., & Dempsey, G. R. (1987) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1960777 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Turcotte, J., York, C., Irving, J., Scholl, R. M., & Pingree, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12127 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior
Valenzuela, S. (2013) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764213479375 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Direct and Differential Effects of the Internet on Political and Civic Engagement
Xenos, M. A., & Moy, P. (2007) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00364.x · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics
(2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203962541 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Xenos, M. A., Vromen, A., & Loader, B. D. (2014) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2013.871318 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
de Zúñiga, H. G., & Valenzuela, S. (2010) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210384984 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics
(2009) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/14684520910985783 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: information technology and political Islam
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5330 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Online News Exposure and Trust in the Mainstream Media: Exploring Possible Associations
Tsfati, Y. (2010) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764210376309 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Realizing the Social Internet? Online Social Networking Meets Offline Civic Engagement
Josh Pasek, B., More, E., & Römer, D. (2009) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331680902996403 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Tweeting to Power: The Social Media Revolution in American Politics
Rotolo, A. (2015) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.1002/polq.12294 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Tweeting to Power: The Social Media Revolution in American Politics
Gainous, J., & Wagner, K. M. (2013) · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationFacebooking It to the Polls: A Study in Online Social Networking and Political Behavior
Bode, L. (2012) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2012.709045 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Relationships of media use and political disaffection to political efficacy and voting behavior
Pinkleton, B. E., Austin, E. W., & Fortman, K. K. J. (1998) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159809364433 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Elections in cyberspace : toward a new era in American politics
Corrado, A., & Firestone, C. M. (1996) · Aspen Institute eBooks · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Why Americans hate the media and how it matters
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-6564 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters
Ladd, J. M. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt7spr6 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Contagious Media Effects: How Media Use and Exposure to Game-Framed News Influence Media Trust
Hopmann, D. N., Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2015) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1022190 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Social media in Latin America: deepening or bridging gaps in protest participation?
Valenzuela, S., Somma, N. M., Scherman, A., & Arriagada, A. (2016) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-11-2015-0347 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Civic Disobedience: Does Internet Use Stimulate Political Unrest in East Asia?
Gainous, J., Wagner, K. M., & Abbott, J. P. (2015) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2015.1034909 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam
Anderson, J. W. (2012) · CyberOrient · doi:10.1002/j.cyo2.20120601.0007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Democracy's Double-Edged Sword
Bailard, C. S. (2014) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.72112 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Digital Uprising: The Internet Revolution in the Middle East
Wagner, K. M., & Gainous, J. (2013) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2013.778802 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, J., & Liu, H. (2015) · Synthesis Lectures on Information Security, Privacy, and Trust · doi:10.2200/s00657ed1v01y201507spt013 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Predicting Online Political Participation
Feezell, J. T. (2016) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912916652503 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rebooting American politics: the Internet revolution
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-1745 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Social Media Impact on Malaysia’s 13th General Election
Gomez, J. (2014) · Asia Pacific Media Educator · doi:10.1177/1326365x14539213 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Analytics, Policy, and Governance
Bachner, J., Ginsberg, B., & Hill, K. W. (2019) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300225174 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The National Press and Voting Turnout: British General Elections of 1992 and 1997
Brynin, M., & Newton, K. (2003) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600390172347 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Democracy's double-edged sword: how Internet use changes citizens' views of their government
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.187756 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Abbott, J. P., & Givens, J. W. (2015) · Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s1598240800009140 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationRoutledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Democratization
Case, W. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315674735 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Malaysia's March 2008 general election: understanding the new media factor
Liow, J. C. (2012) · The Pacific Review · doi:10.1080/09512748.2012.685096 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bilić, P. (2014) · Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft · doi:10.5771/1615-634x-2014-3-471 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hype or hubris? The political impact of the Internet and social networking in Southeast Asia
Abbott, J. P. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315674735-20 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A systematic review of worldwide causal and correlational evidence on digital media and democracy
Lorenz-Spreen, P., Oswald, L., Lewandowsky, S., & Hertwig, R. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01460-1 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Permanent Campaigning: A Meta-Analysis and Framework for Measurement
Joathan, Í., & Lilleker, D. G. (2020) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2020.1832015 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gainous, J., Abbott, J. P., & Wagner, K. M. (2020) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161220963606 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationA Systematic Review of Worldwide Causal and Correlational Evidence on Digital Media and DemocracyPreprint
Lorenz-Spreen, P., Oswald, L., Lewandowsky, S., & Hertwig, R. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/p3z9v · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lissitsa, S. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101633 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Laor, T., & Lissitsa, S. (2022) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-06-2021-0299 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Twitter as a clique: journalists' patterns of Twitter use in Israel
Laor, T. (2021) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-07-2020-0324 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Jiang, S., Ng, A. Y. K., & Ngien, A. (2022) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2022.2115591 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nonverbal communication with emojis in social media: dissociating hedonic intensity from frequency
Li, L., & Wang, X. T. (2022) · Language Resources and Evaluation · doi:10.1007/s10579-022-09611-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Digital media consumption and voting among Central Asian youth: why democratic context matters
Bekmagambetov, A., Gainous, J., Wagner, K. M., Sabitov, Z. M., Rodionov, A., & Kleinsteuber, B. (2023) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2023.2237519 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial media users trust in their most frequently used social media site
Eveleth, D. M., Stone, R. W., & Baker-Eveleth, L. J. (2024) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/14796 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Does social media undermine trust? Institutional trust in civil society and governance institutions
Parr, C. S. (2025) · Journal of Public Policy · doi:10.1017/s0143814x25100834 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., & Meng, X. (2022) · International Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1155/2022/7983798 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
RetractedZhang, J., & Sun, S. (2025) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.70033 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chinese perceptions of the EU: the impact of social media use
Zhang, C., Kübler, D., & Dong, L. (2023) · Global Public Policy and Governance · doi:10.1007/s43508-023-00069-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Trust in Anonymous News? How Users Navigate Political News Channels on Russian Telegram
Litvinenko, A., & Smoliarova, A. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13040180 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Montemayor, D. J. D. L. G., & Rasgado, X. M. P. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12030179 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Modeling Social Media Effects on Political Distrust in Lebanon
Rahbarqazi, M., & Mahmoudoghli, R. (2021) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.34.3.89-102 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The impact of media digitalization on political communication in Serbia
Belačić, A., & Alčaković, S. (2024) · The European Journal of Applied Economics · doi:10.5937/ejae21-49048 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Strehlke, E., Bromme, R., & Kärtner, J. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2023.2261989 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.001.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Groff, S. P. (2022) · Global Policy · doi:10.1111/1758-5899.13118 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thawnghmung, A. M., Whitten-Woodring, J., Lynn, T. T., & Abou-Khalil, C. (2026) · International Journal of Communication · doi:10.65476/8csffs51
“People in autocracies are less likely to trust journalists because they know journalists must self-censor to secure and maintain their positions, but they are also more likely to trust online news because they perceive it to be less censored (Gainous et al., 2018; Tsfati, 2010).”
PEMBERDAYAAN NILAI-NILAI MASYARAKAT LOKAL SEBAGAI MODAL PEMBANGUNAN DEMOKRASI
Miswardi, M. (2019) · Al Hurriyah Jurnal Hukum Islam · doi:10.30983/alhurriyah.v4i2.2330
Houston College Sport Programs’ Hurricane Harvey Communication
Hanna, C. M., Thompson, R., & Morton, J. (2022) · Journal of Emerging Sport Studies · doi:10.26522/jess.v4i.3714
The influencing factors of public anxiety during emergencies: based on big data
Liu, J., & Cai, J. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07426-6
The “Apple-Lization” of Hong Kong Media
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.003.0006
Indigenization of Political Identity
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.003.0003
Political Trust Under One Country, Two Systems
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.003.0004
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.002.0005
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.002.0007
Detecting Social Desirability in Public Opinion Surveys
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.003.0002
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.003.0007
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.002.0004
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.005.0001
The Study of Political Culture
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.003.0001
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.002.0006
Tang, W., & Xia, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197831588.003.0005
- Authors
- Gainous, J., Abbott, J. P., & Wagner, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- Florida Atlantic University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gainous, Jason
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2018-03-24
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 401-422
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W2790133730
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 16 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2019-10-12)
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Keywords
- media trust, traditional media, online media, social media, political information seeking, political attitudes, protest behavior, authoritarianism, Malaysia, digital media use, political dissent
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review