The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 66 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A cross-cultural study of nonprofit self-organized ridesharing
Open accessAbstract
Nonprofit ridesharing presents an underutilized opportunity for increasing transportation sustainability, as well as users' economic and social benefits, while reducing adverse environmental impacts. However, while app-based ridesharing has achieved only modest uptake, mostly limited to longer trips, in certain contexts, self-organized ridesharing (SORS) has shown significant achievements, even for the challenging short- and mid-range commuting trips. Still, knowledge regarding the key elements and mechanisms behind successful SORS is partial, hindering the ability to effectively leverage SORS diffusion and scaling potential. Following the premise that successful initiatives may provide learning opportunities, this study aims at narrowing this knowledge gap by performing a comparative cross-cultural systematic study of eight diverse SORS cases. The study uses a recently designed conceptual framework and multiple research methods (mainly online data exploration, personal interviews, observations, and documents analysis) to comprehensively examine SORSs' attributes and evolution stages and processes. Study findings highlight repeated patterns as well as the role of context, official actors, and local practices in shaping initiative's dynamics towards success. The study offers general and specific policy recommendations for supporting the early development, growth, and diffusion of SORS, as well as reflections on post pandemic ridesharing.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-cultural comparative study examines eight nonprofit self-organized ridesharing (SORS) cases to identify recurring patterns in their emergence, operation, and diffusion. It finds that SORS success depends on contextual strains, chokepoints, triggering events, incentives, local practices, and social/organizational dynamics, with two main initiative types.
Key findings
- Across eight cases in the USA, Canada, Brazil, and Israel, SORS emerged under similar strained conditions: congestion or parking shortages, poor transit, or no transit, often with chokepoint/corridor geography; enduring cases had accessible meeting points and backup transit. Two patterns appeared: type1 participatory/self-organized initiatives with mediators, and type2 activist-led initiatives with predefined norms.
- Incentives varied: HOV3+ (USA1/2), 3+ priority parking (IL1), a canceled shuttle (IL2), solidarity (CA1), and expense sharing (BRA1/2). Recruitment thresholds included at least 180 daily participants, of whom 60 were drivers, to sustain a single USA2 line replication; at least 30 daily drivers for several weeks to start a new USA1 line; digital groups of 257 members remained sustainable (BRA1, IL2); and IL1 breakthrough occurred when total membership surpassed 80. BRA2 reached 75 daily rides within 2 months but fell to a small handful after 5 months.
- Diffusion occurred in BRA1’s multiple groups, BRA2 as a BRA1 offspring, CA1 to Bowen Lift, IL1 to a general RS group, and IL2 from a canceled shuttle. USA2’s North Berkeley line had 220 daily rides, while the area served 6,000 riders per day. Diffusion failures included Alexandria VA, USA3/Haliburton, and IL1 replication. A 2010 Bay Bridge toll led to a $1 rider contribution and a 10% participation reduction.
- The conceptual framework was revised by adding a perturbed state, transition processes, the importance of mediators and an arena, and sense of community.
Methods
- Qualitative multiple-case comparative design with eight SORS cases selected for cultural, geographic, temporal, and technological diversity across the USA, Canada, Brazil, and Israel; operation periods ranged from the late 1970s to since 2017, and technology reliance ranged from none to a self-made app.
- Data sources included digital footprints from WhatsApp, Facebook, and forums; 12 semi-structured interviews with users and activists; direct observations of IL1 and USA2; documents; prior studies; and popular media. Collection continued until early 2020, with limited sampling during COVID-19.
- Analysis used abductive framework-guided content and thematic analysis, statistical meta-analysis of tagged messages and timelines, cross-case comparison, and an Object Process Methodology architecture.
Limitations
- Stated: the phenomenon is hidden and data availability forced different source types per case, risking bias or misrepresentation; sampling was somewhat comfort-based; mostly persistent cases were selected, except USA3, limiting insight into failed attempts; only 12 interviews were conducted; success and impact are hard to estimate because rides are private and alternative modes are inferred; socio-demographic assessment is difficult when platforms lack profiles. The authors argue repeated patterns support generalization.
- Evident from the text: data coverage is uneven across cases, older cases rely more on secondary sources, commercial apps are not systematically compared, and the qualitative design cannot quantify causal effects.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
11 of 66 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Commercial app-based ridesharing has had only modest, context-dependent uptake, largely limited to longer trips and areas with many users.
“Even the recent prosperity of sharing-economy commercially-driven RS initiatives, such as BlaBlaCar (Shaheen et al. 2017), or Scoop (Martin et al. 2020) resulted in modest and contextually dependent uptake, restricting their applicability to longer trips and high concentration of users (Shen et al. 2021).”
- Also stated in: § Literature review · plain
“While some trials report substantial uptake, success depends on location (Martin et al. 2020), mainly for longer-distance trips and for expense-sharing schemes (Finger et al. 2017; Rafiq and Mitra 2020; Shen et al. 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Shaheen et al. 2017 source
- cites Martin et al. 2020 source
The citation to Martin et al. (2020) is attached to Scoop as an example, while the sentence cites Shen et al. for the broader uptake claim. The available report description identifies a BART carpool-to-transit evaluation but does not name Scoop; a search for “Scoop” found no matching passage in our copy. It therefore cannot verify that this report concerns Scoop. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Shen et al. 2021 source
- Also stated in: § Literature review · plain
- Premisecitation
Self-organized ridesharing has achieved localized success in multiple contexts, including for short- and mid-distance trips.
“Concurrently, nonprofit self-organized ridesharing (SORS) initiatives have achieved localized success in multiple contexts, even for the short- mid-distance range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Shoshany-Tavory et al. 2020 source
- cites Burris et al. 2012
The Introduction describes successful, grassroots ridesharing systems in three cities, supporting localized success in multiple settings. The copy does not establish that these are nonprofit initiatives or that their success spans both short- and mid-distance trips; a figure caption describes a 27-mile HOV corridor, but not the full range of trip lengths. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Eskelinen and Venäläinen 2021 source
The section “Ridesharing: self-organised mobility through Facebook groups” (p. 9) describes growing, not-for-profit ridesharing across about 160 Finnish groups serving different cities and routes. It does not establish that these groups served short- or mid-distance trips, or document success beyond the Finnish context. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
SORS complexity has economic, behavioral, technological, organizational, and transportation origins.
“SORS complexity stems from economic, behavioral, technological, organizational, and transportation origins (Amey 2010), therefore, user-centric approach, where participants’ characteristics and motivations are explored, is deemed insufficient to explain contextual dependency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Amey 2010
- Interpretationcitation
The emerging communal-like collaborative consumption of SORS eliminates several activities associated with commercial RS, where participants follow consumerist or opportunistic sharing styles.
“From transaction-costs perspective, the emerging communal-like collaborative-consumption of SORS, eliminates several of the activities associated with commercial RS, where participants follow consumerist or opportunistic sharing styles (Guyader 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyader 2018 source
The Findings passage (page not provided) identifies communal, consumerist and opportunistic styles of ridesharing, supporting the distinction between those styles. It does not say that SORS eliminates activities associated with commercial ridesharing or assess that claim from a transaction-cost perspective. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingnone given
Conflicting perceptions are reflected in policy decisions, such as anti-paid-ride laws (e.g., Brazil and Israel ban on expense-sharing RS until recently) or anti-hitchhiking laws (e.g., in USA3, CA1).
“These conflicting perceptions are reflected in policy decisions, such as anti-paid-ride laws (e.g., Brazil and Israel ban on expense-sharing RS until recently), or anti-hitchhiking laws (e.g., in USA3, CA1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
SORS emerges within similar contexts across the explored cases.
“the geographical-transportation layout examination reveals that SORS emerges within similar contexts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The meaning associated with hitchhiking varies between countries-landscapes and age-groups, ranging from unlawful deviation (USA3), through free-riders (USA1/2), to hitchhiking reminiscence (IL1/2, CA1).
“the associated meaning varies between countries-landscapes and age-groups, ranging from unlawful deviation (e.g., USA3), through free-riders (USA1/2), to hitchhiking reminiscence (IL1/2, CA1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Existing or abandoned regime practices bundle and interwind with the SORS practice, borrowing both meaning and competencies.
“existing or abandoned regime practices are found to bundle and interwind with the SORS practice, borrowing both meaning and competencies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The abandoned USA3 case had no natural chokepoints, especially coming out.
“Only the abandoned USA3 stands-out as having no natural chokepoints, especially coming out.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Social-network use influences the all-digital BRA1 and IL1/2 cases.
“The last apparent practice influencing the all-digital BRA1 and IL1/2 is social-network use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Hitchhiking offers an abandoned practice from which SORS can borrow competencies, such as selecting meeting points or signaling (USA3, CA1).
“it offers an abandoned practice to borrow competencies, such as selecting meeting points or signaling (USA3, CA1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The same borrowing of social-network competencies is observed in the recent SORS Facebook groups of USA1 (Saratoga Sluglines 2018).
“The same is observed in the recent SORS Facebook groups of USA1 (Saratoga Sluglines 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saratoga Sluglines 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
Multiple agencies (transportation authorities, local municipalities, police authorities, public transportation operators) directly and indirectly interact with SORS initiatives.
“multiple agencies are directly and indirectly interacting with SORS initiatives. These include transportation authorities, local municipalities, police authorities, and public transportation operators.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Successful meeting places are supported by existing public transport as backup, which mitigates low quality of service or emergency returns.
“Successful meeting places are supported by existing PT as backup, which mitigates low QoS or emergency returns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Some SORS lines report over-policing and clashes with residents over parking scarcity (LeBlanc, n.d.).
“some SORS lines report over-policing and clashes with residents over parking scarcity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites LeBlanc, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
A change in privacy perception is associated with the bundled practice of social-network use.
“Associated with this bundled practice, is a change in privacy perception.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The meaning of car-ownership as a status symbol or as an extension of home competes with ridesharing, mainly where vehicles are potentially affordable (all cases aside from BRA1/2).
“the meaning of car-ownership as a status-symbol or my-car-is-an-extension-of-my-home competes with RS, mainly in cases where vehicles are potentially affordable (all the cases aside from BRA1/2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
In some cases, even without hard evidence of its impact, authorities cooperate in response to civil engagement or to the phenomenon becoming well-known, provided that additional investments are minimal.
“In some cases, even without hard evidence of its impact, the authorities are cooperating in response to civil engagement or to the phenomenon becoming well-known – providing that the additional investments are minimal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Authorities usually expect some representative body to collaborate with, directly or through public hearing.
“Authorities usually expect some representative body to collaborate with—directly or through public hearing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Such representative bodies are undefined in many SORS initiatives.
“such bodies are undefined in many of the SORS initiatives.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Conflicting perceptions are also indicated by decisions to stay at arm's-length where SORS becomes evident (e.g., behind-the-scenes sponsorship of USA1 slug-lines website).
“It is also indicated by the decision to stay at arm’s-length where SORS becomes evident (e.g., behind-the-scenes sponsorship of USA1 slug-lines website).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Urban or semi-urban middle-class office workers chose to share rides under the right conditions (USA1,2, IL1).
“it was also found that urban, or semi-urban middle-class office-workers chose to share under the right conditions (USA1,2, IL1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Contrary to evolving norms, USA3, BRA2, and CA1 norms were well defined from the start.
“Contrary to these evolving norms, USA3, BRA2, and CA1 norms were well defined from the start.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Recruitment of users consists of becoming aware and overcoming barriers to active participation.
“Recruitment process of users consists of becoming aware and overcoming barriers to active participation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Type2 initiatives' creation and triggering event is the work of activists who communicate, plan, shape norms, negotiate terms with authorities, and guide others in participation.
“While successful type2 initiatives are driven by some transportation problem, their creation and triggering event is the work of activists, who communicate, plan, shape norms, negotiate terms with authorities, and guide others in the proper way of participation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In type1 initiatives, additional discourse norms are set by rejecting certain messages while allowing others.
“While the matchmaking dialog is shaped, additional discourse norms are set, where the group rejects certain type of messages (e.g., residential protests), while allowing others (e.g., transportation related messages).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Regardless of typology, each initiative uses some form of infrastructure, both physical and technological, which is either borrowed from the regime or self-made.
“Regardless of its typology, each initiative uses some form of infrastructure, both physical and technological, which are either borrowed from the regime or self-made.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In type1 cases, awareness was achieved through word-of-mouth or direct exposure.
“In type1 cases, awareness was achieved through word-of-mouth or through direct exposure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Direct visual exposure raises awareness of SORS.
“Direct visual exposure also raises awareness, for example when USA1/2 participants observed others mounting their rides.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For all studied SORS initiatives, creation was preceded by a local mobility problem that put the existing regime under strain.
“The geographical-transportation layout analysis established that the creation of all types of initiatives was pre-conditioned by some existing mobility problem in its immediate environment, causing the regime to be in the strained state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Recruitment processes are usually too slow to defeat initial defection associated with low QoS, especially of drivers.
“However, these processes are usually too slow to defeat initial defection associated with low QoS, especially of drivers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
USA2's long-term non-monetary exchange was altered in 2010 when a new Bay Bridge toll led passengers to contribute a dollar towards the toll.
“The long-term non-monetary exchange of USA2 was altered in 2010, when the introduction of a new Bay Bridge toll resulted in a modified arrangement, where passengers are expected to contribute a dollar towards the toll.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The study identified five processes in SORS evolution: creation, recruitment, disruption, diffusion, and nudging.
“Based on timeline analysis we identified the processes of: creation, when an initiative is created and takes-off; recruitment—initiating users into participating and required to support breakthrough; disruption, when temporary changes shift the initiative into perturbed state; and diffusion, when one initiative is replicated to form a “Sister Initiative”.”
- Also stated in: § Dynamic processes · plain
“Additionally, exploration reveals nudging process, where specific reminders keep users’ participation by gentle nudges, retaining stabilize state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Dynamic processes · plain
- Findingown data
Safety concerns are evident in the etiquette of USA1/2, which state 'no women should be left last' and 'pass the ride if uncomfortable'.
“Safety concerns are also evident in the etiquette of USA1/2 which state, “no women should be left last” and “pass the ride if uncomfortable”.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In USA1,2, public areas adjacent to public transport stations served as initiation arena, where potential collaborators met, negotiated, and observed others in action.
“In USA1,2, for instance, the public areas adjacent to PT stations served as initiation arena, where potential collaborators met, negotiated, and observed others in action.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
All type2 cases reported an initiating event.
“To set-of the initiatives, all type2 cases reported an initiating event, e.g., a publicity campaign in BRA2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Incentives are the prime drivers of the SORS cases.
“Incentives are the prime drivers of the SORS cases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Hub structure and geographical chokepoints raise the odds of match-finding.
“While the hub structure (either at source or destination) and the geographical chokepoints raise the odds of match-finding, potential participants are hesitant to gamble on unfavorable statistics when it comes to waiting (in-line or in-car) and maybe failing initially.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Analysis of IL1 WhatsApp messages shows that learning and setting of norms is a gradual process in which matchmaking dialog schemes are trialed and the fittest survive in follow-the-lead learning.
“The analysis of WhatsApp messages since the inception of IL1 [Riders to the rail, 2020] reveals that learning and setting of norms appear as a gradual process in which matchmaking dialog schemes are trialed by different users, and the fittest schemes survive in a follow-the-lead type of learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Riders to the rail, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
IL2 was motivated by the cancellation of free-shuttle service offered by the rail authority.
“IL2 was motivated by the cancelation of free-shuttle service offered by the rail authority.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Other cases show no direct reference to the safety subject.
“Other cases show no direct reference to the safety subject.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Other resources, such as local parking at meeting points, stopping bays for collecting passengers, and public transport backup, are borrowed as well.
“Other resources, such as local parking (at meeting points), stopping bays (for collecting passengers), and PT backup, are borrowed as well.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
In type1, specific participants are self-appointed mediators, serving a significant role in sustaining these initiatives and enabling recruitment and diffusion.
“Specific participants are self-appointed mediators, serving a significant role in sustaining these initiatives and enabling recruitment and diffusion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Transportation knowledge is offered as part of the exchange in the Israeli cases and the newer USA1 Facebook groups.
“transportation knowledge is offered as part of the exchange in the Israeli cases and the newer USA1 Facebook groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The main exchange mechanism used in most explored cases is non-monetary, third-party benefit trading.
“the main exchange mechanism used in most of the explored cases is non-monetary, third-party benefit trading.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
In the more recent digital cases, arena functionality was fully relocated to the virtual domain.
“In the more recent digital cases, the arena functionality was fully relocated to the virtual domain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
All but the Brazilian cases chose rebranding, apparent by the choice of initiative names that obscure hitchhiking origins.
“all but the Brazilian cases chose rebranding—apparent by the choice of initiatives’ names that obscures these origins.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Recruitment through mass-concentration of potential users is usually associated with earlier phases of successful cases.
“Thus, recruitment through mass-concentration of potential users is usually associated with the earlier phases of successful cases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Each initiative develops specific norms for regulating its members' behavior, including ways of conduct, exchange mechanism, and language.
“Each initiative was found to develop specific norms for regulating its members’ behavior. These include: (1) ways of conduct—how participants behave; (2) exchange mechanism – what is being exchanged between driver and passengers and how; and (3) language—the specific jargon used by the participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The 'merci lines' of USA1 serve riders who missed the HOV opening hours when going home.
“The latter serve riders who missed the HOV opening hours when going home.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Onset of semi-disaster conditions created instantaneous higher demand and fast recruitment for both drivers and riders.
“The onset of semi-disaster conditions, such as oil-crisis or PT temporal disruptions reported in USA1/2, also created an instantaneous higher demand and fast recruitment—both of drivers and riders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Another infrastructure component common to type1 cases is the arena, a place where practitioners meet, shape their norms, re-organize, and learn.
“Another infrastructure component common to type1 cases (participatory-initiatives) is the arena, as a place where practitioners meet, shape their norms, re-organize, and learn.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Allocated HOV and preferential parking designated for carpool are used in USA1,2 and IL1.
“The allocated HOV and preferential parking, designated for carpool, are used in USA1,2 and IL1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
For example, reorganization once a bridge toll was imposed occurred in the available users' forums of USA2.
“reorganization once a bridge toll was imposed occurred in the available users’ forums of USA2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
In USA3 and CA1, norms address signage, best practice for selecting pick-up locations, where to stand, names of places, and code of etiquette.
“In USA3 and CA1, norms address signage, best practice of how to select pick-up locations, where to stand, names of places, and code of etiquette.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Once created, type1 initiatives' norms begin to evolve.
“Once created (the take-off state), type1 initiatives norms begin to evolve.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
A fast-recruitment process is mandatory to achieve critical mass required to pass from take-off to break-through before initial collaborators despair and withdraw.
“A fast-recruitment process is shown to be mandatory to achieve critical-mass, required to pass from the take-off to the break-through phase before initial collaborators will despair and withdraw (e.g., in USA3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Type1 creation requires a local arena for emergence.
“While the alignment of incentive offering and triggering events had been shown to support successful RS initiatives, type1 creation requires some local arena for emergence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
While also disseminating information digitally, type2 cases (CA1, USA3, BRA2) lack notable users' arena, confining self-organization to their circle of activists.
“While also disseminating information digitally, type2 cases (activist-based initiatives CA1, USA3, and BRA2) lack notable users’ arena, confining self-organization to their circle of activists.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In some cases (USA1,2, CA1, BRA2), physical infrastructure was adapted by local authorities (USA1,2) or by activists with some authorities' sponsorship (CA1) to better support SORS by defining safe and comfortable pickup locations and posting instruction signs.
“In some cases (USA1,2, CA1, BRA2), the physical infrastructure was adapted by the local authorities (USA1,2), or by activists with some authorities’ sponsorship (CA1), to better support SORS by defining safe and comfortable pickup locations, and posting instructions signs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The rising availability of digital platforms relocated some arena functionality to the virtual arena.
“The rising availability of digital platforms relocated some of its functionality to the virtual arena.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Successful SORS initiatives emerged when a triggering event coincided with an incentive offering.
“Successful initiatives emerge during some triggering event, synchronized with incentive offering.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the digital cases, dialog follows a lean grammatical structure, e.g., BRA1 groups use specific wordings for ride requests, 'ride full' messages, and specially crafted emojis.
“in the digital cases, the dialog follows lean grammatical structure, e.g., BRA1 groups use specific wordings for ride request, and “ride full” messages, as well as specially crafted emojis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Exchange is not limited to what incentivizes the P2P ride itself; some initiatives offer community added value.
“exchange is not limited to what incentivizes the P2P ride itself, as some initiatives offer community added value.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
During the lifecycle of an initiative, personal gain incentives may evolve to include community gain, where reorganization and repeated participation are considered.
“during the lifecycle of an initiative, the personal gain incentives may evolve from to include community gain, where reorganization, and repeated participation are considered.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The exploration identified the Initiative's perturbed state, which was not originally included in the Framework.
“the exploration identified the Initiative’s perturbed state, which was not originally included in the Framework.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Local context is evident in the abbreviated names of meeting places, known only to locals.
“Local context is also evident in the abbreviated names of meeting places, known only to locals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Two patterns of SORS can be identified: participatory-initiatives (type1) and activist-based (type2).
“two patterns of SORS can be identified: participatory-initiatives and activist-based.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
This perturbed state results from external forces causing some disruption.
“This state results from external forces causing some disruption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A local language, including specific jargon, initiative naming, and abbreviated meeting-place naming, is evident in all explored cases, allowing for efficient dialog and recognition of fellow collaborators.
“a local language, including specific jargon, initiatives naming, and abbreviated meeting-places naming, are evident in all the explored cases, allowing for efficient dialog, as well as recognition of fellow collaborators.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Fixed route structure may comprise several meeting points where limited detours are acceptable.
“Such fixed route structure may comprise of several meeting points, where limited detours are acceptable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social processes dictate SORS style and its evolution, as exhibited in the explored cases.
“While commuters outside the kin and family circle seldom rideshare for social or environmental motivations, social processes have been shown to dictate SORS style and its evolution, as exhibited in the explored cases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
USA3 and its inspired Haliburton County initiative were soon canceled.
“(2) USA3 and its inspired Haliburton County initiative (Johnston 2017) were soon canceled”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Johnston 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
In IL1 and BRA1, ride offers appear in clusters within 15 minutes of a reminder.
“The effect of nudging is shown for example in IL1 or BRA1, where ride offers appear in clusters within 15 min of a reminder, in the form of offer/request or some added-value reminders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Service disruptions due to platform instability led to sub-critical participation in BRA2.
“Such is the case where service disruptions, due to platform instability, led to sub-critical participation in BRA2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Diffusion, even in similar contexts, was proven difficult on multiple occasions.
“However, on multiple occasions, diffusion, even in similar contexts, was proven difficult.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Car-owners with strong drive-alone habits are quick to revert to old ways when participation dwindles, as shown during summer vacation.
“Old habits die hard, and car-owners with strong drive-alone habit are quick to revert to their old ways, as shown for example during summer vacation (USA1, IL1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For type1 initiatives, main cues to nudge users into staying include repeated visual or digital exposure to successful collaboration.
“For type1 initiatives, the main cues found to nudge users into staying with the group include repeated visual or digital exposure to successful collaboration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
In well-established type1 cases, information is centrally disseminated through mediators' websites or official actors' publications.
“In well-established type1 cases, information is centrally disseminated through mediators’ websites (LeBlanc, n.d.) or official actors’ publications (SF Metropolitan transportation commission 2019), providing the necessary details.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites LeBlanc, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites SF Metropolitan transportation commission 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
In digital schemes, added-value messages provide further nudging.
“In digital schemes, further nudging is provided by the added-value messages, sent in the shared arena, such as the transportation alerts of IL1/2 [Giv’at-Ada habitants, 2017; Riders to the rail, 2020], or life experience messages in BRA1 [Students of UFRJ, 2019].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Giv’at-Ada habitants, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Riders to the rail, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Students of UFRJ, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Larger scale SORS cases consist of many small, replicated lines that evolved to become their own alternative solution.
“While some of the explored cases can be defined as one line (e.g., IL1), larger scale SORS cases (e.g., USA2, BRA1) consist of many small, replicated lines that evolved to become their own alternative solution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Breakthrough in IL1 was observed when total membership surpassed 80.
“and breakthrough had been observed to occur when total membership surpasses 80 (IL1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On several explored cases, a commercial app was rejected by SORS users in favor of their own solution.
“Additionally, on several of the explored cases, a commercial app was rejected by SORS users in favor of their “own” solution (e.g., IL1, BRA1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some type1 initiatives show resilience to disruptions by adapting to changing circumstances.
“However, some type1 initiatives show resilience to disruptions by adapting to the changing circumstances.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Once aware, efficacy needs to be achieved, including know-how and perception of efficacy.
“Once road-users become aware of the initiative, to actively participate, efficacy needs to be achieved, including both the know-how and the perception-of.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In BRA2, service disruptions deflated the initial surge of 75 daily rides achieved within 2 months to a small handful after 5 months.
“For example, the service disruptions of BRA2 deflated the initial surge of 75 daily rides (achieved within 2 months) to a small handful after 5 months.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
SORS operates efficiently when shaped into fixed lines.
“SORS is shown to operate efficiently when shaped into fixed lines, as noted before in ridesharing (Handke and Jonuschat 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Handke and Jonuschat 2013 source
- Findingreasoning
Type1 participation continues evolving into affective participation after initial recruitment.
“Type1 participation continue evolving, even after the initial recruitment, into affective participation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Study findings indicate that successful SORS develops only where favorable transportation network structure is combined with depletion of some transportation-related resources.
“Study findings indicate that successful SORS develops only where favorable transportation network structure is combined with depletion of some transportation-related resources (e.g., parking sparseness, limited road space, low QoS of PT).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Nudging influences commitment to the group, as shown by recruitment surges following successful adaptation.
“Nudging also influences commitment to the group, as shown by recruitment surges following successful adaptation, e.g., reorganization during rail closure in IL1 [Riders to the rail, 2020].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Riders to the rail, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Local authorities failed an attempt to jump-start Alexandria VA line despite using best practices provided by an expert.
“(1) local authorities failed an attempt to jump-start Alexandria VA line, despite using best practices provided by an expert (Salzman 2013)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Salzman 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
Authorities hesitate to actively nudge SORS.
“However, once again authorities hesitate to actively nudge SORS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Several participants' groups could have potentially enjoyed commercial apps but refrained from their use.
“Several participants’ groups could have potentially enjoyed the services of commercial apps (e.g., Moovit and WazeCarpool in IL1/2), but refrained from their use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
In SORS, these were replaced by less strenuous requirements, where participants rely on strangers known mainly by cellular number or available Facebook profile.
“These were replaced in SORS by the less strenuous requirements, where participants rely on strangers known mainly by cellular number or available Facebook profile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The authors' findings show that failed diffusion and scaling occurred on several occasions, even in similar contexts.
“However, in our findings, on several occasions, failed diffusion and scaling is revealed, even in similar contexts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The energy required comes at different shades even among replications of the same initiative.
“It comes at different shades, even among replications of the same initiative: longer lines of USA2 developed social ties and offer longer detours on rainy days; semi-rural IL1 developed return trips; BRA1 participants are rumored to enjoy great parties; while shorter lines, such as Berkeley North of USA2, stay business-like but committed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Hitchhiking practices are integrated into SORS practice where appropriate, providing needed competencies, mind-frame, and vocabulary.
“Additionally, hitchhiking practices are integrated into the SORS practice, where appropriate, providing the needed competencies, mind-frame, and vocabulary.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
An initiation arena can be externally provided, as in IL1 where an existing Facebook group intended for matchmaking was inadvertently used as an initial arena.
“An initiation arena can be externally provided, such as in IL1 case, where an existing Facebook group envisioned to support matchmaking was used inadvertently as an initial arena.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
More mature audiences respond positively to indirect and comfort-based incentives such as 3+ HOV or 3+ designated parking.
“More mature audiences respond positively to indirect and more comfort-based incentives, such as 3 + HOV or 3 + designated parking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Mediators and an arena for reorganization are important specifically in type1 cases.
“we highlighted the role of mediators and the importance of an arena for reorganization, specifically in type1 cases”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Lines are self-organized to optimize the context geographic-transportation layout.
“First, it highlights structural considerations—lines are self-organized to optimize the context geographic-transportation layout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Replication through knowledge sharing by media or organizations was shown to succeed only when engaging activists and mediators in similar landscapes and recurring emergence conditions.
“Such a diffusion pattern was shown to succeed only when engaging activists and mediators in similar landscapes and recurring emergence conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Most explored cases use low-entry, easy-to-use technology solutions commonly practiced in their context, compared to mainstream sharing-economy RS apps.
“Compared to mainstream sharing-economy RS apps, most of the explored cases use low-entry, easy-to-use technology solutions commonly practiced in their context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Cross-cultural evaluation of the Framework proposed by Shoshany-Tavory et al. (2020) allowed identification of several minor adjustments needed to increase its sensitivity and comprehensiveness and improve its performance.
“The cross-cultural evaluation of the Framework proposed by Shoshany-Tavory et al. (2020) allowed us to identify several minor adjustments needed for increasing its sensitivity and comprehensiveness and improving its performance (see Appendix B for details).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shoshany-Tavory et al. (2020) source
- Findingreasoning
Using local knowledge, experienced road-users select optimized routes and meeting locations for recurring engagements.
“Using local knowledge of the area, its services, and its constraints, experienced road-users select optimized routes and meeting locations for recurring engagements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The original USA1/2 lines followed the natural replication diffusion vector.
“Conversely, the original lines of USA1/2 followed such diffusion vector.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Some lines of USA1 and IL1 offspring follow the controlled diffusion pattern.
“Some lines of USA1 and IL1 offspring follow such pattern.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
In rare cases, such as CA1, the mere existence of small-place solidarity is enough to incentivize ridesharing and only minimal nudging is required.
“In rare cases (e.g., CA1), the mere existence of small-place solidarity is enough to incentivize RS and only minimal nudging is required.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In BRA2, skilled engineering students-activists opted for an app-based solution drawing upon BRA1 structure of service areas.
“In the sole case of BRA2, the skilled engineering students-activists opted for offering an app-based solution drawing upon BRA1 structure of service areas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Success of seven selected cases was established through these indicators.
“Through these indicators, success of seven of the selected cases was established.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The bundling together of expense-sharing ridesharing with disruptive ride-hailing hinders SORS acceptance.
“the bundling together of expense-sharing RS with the disruptive ride-hailing, also hinders SORS acceptance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Raw data on SORS and RS cases is hard to obtain because low-profile initiatives are hidden, especially during their initial stages.
“Raw data on SORS and RS cases in general is hard to obtain, as the low-profile initiatives are hidden, especially during their initial stages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Digital sources can reveal how users' actions and perceptions evolve, as well as their emotional reactions.
“They can thus reveal the evolution of users’ actions and perceptions, as well as their emotional reactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A user-centric approach is insufficient to explain SORS contextual dependency.
“therefore, user-centric approach, where participants’ characteristics and motivations are explored, is deemed insufficient to explain contextual dependency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Nonprofit ridesharing can reduce infrastructure demand by easing congestion or parking needs.
“It can also lower infrastructure demand in the form of congestion or parking allocation (Shaheen and Chan 2016; Shaheen et al. 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Shaheen and Chan 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Shaheen et al. 2018 source
- Premisecitation
Existing research mainly examined personal choice of participants rather than the relationship between initiative and context.
“Additionally, the existing research body explored mainly personal choice of participants, rather than initiative-context relationship (e.g., Shaheen et al. 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shaheen et al. 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Lack of official assistance may undermine efforts to encourage ridesharing, causing early cancellation or change of policy tools due to misperception and unawareness of their influence.
“it may undermine efforts to encourage RS, causing early cancelation or change of policy tools due to misperception and unawareness of their influence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Recruitment must continue at least until minimal QoS is reached.
“Recruitment process needs to continue at least until minimal QoS is reached.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Sudden disruptive events act as semi-disaster triggers that lead road users to reconsider their mobility options.
“Unlike gradual changes in driving conditions (e.g., growing congestion), disruptive events serve as “semi-disaster” triggers for road users, causing them to reconsider their mobility options.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
USA2 publications suggest at least 180 daily participants (60 drivers) are required to sustain a single line replication.
“USA2 publications suggest that at least 180 daily participants (of which 60 are drivers) are required to sustain a single line replication—as inferred from previous counts (Beroldo 1999; Shaheen et al. 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Beroldo 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Shaheen et al. 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
These extra-value transactions evolve through the initiatives' lifecycle to serve as group exchange mechanism, supporting on-going participation.
“These extra-value transactions evolve through the initiatives’ lifecycle to serve as group exchange mechanism, supporting the on-going participation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Relatively higher transaction costs are associated with shorter-distance RS because short just-in-time commuting rides allow neither planning time and partner screening nor in-car interaction time to improve socialization.
“However, while these costs are acceptable for longer-distance travel, relatively higher transaction-costs are associated with shorter distance RS for the following reasons. First, it is performed by strangers destined to meet in person and share a limited space for a limited time. While pre-planned longer-distance RS allows for more planning time and partners screening, as well as more in-car”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Collective response to disruption depends on how the disruption is interpreted.
“However, this collective response depends on disruption interpretation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
By size criterion, even the well-established North Berkeley USA2 line (220 daily rides) would be marginal without diffusion into multiple lines serving 6,000 riders a day.
“By size criterion, even the well-established North Berkeley USA2 line (220 daily rides, Shaheen et al. 2016) would have been considered marginal without the diffusion of practice and norms into multiple lines, serving 6,000 riders a day in the area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shaheen et al. 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The need for P2P app-based trust mechanisms was replaced by relying on mutual commitment to the emerging community, delegating P2P trust to community trust.
“Specifically, the need for P2P app-based trust mechanisms was replaced by relying on mutual commitment to the emerging community, thus P2P trust is delegated to community trust.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Diffusion is crucial if SORS is to be considered a meaningful transportation mode by policy makers, not just a local anecdotal phenomenon.
“Diffusion, through which one initiative is replicated to one or more sister initiatives, is crucial if SORS is to be considered a meaningful transportation mode by policy makers, and not just some local anecdotal phenomenon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
RS requires repeated nudges when participation dwindles.
“Consequently, RS requires repeated nudges when participation dwindles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Service disruptions or external events may cause an initiative to move to perturbed state, inducing defection and even termination.
“Service disruptions or external events may cause the initiative to move to perturbed state, inducing defection and even its termination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
The literature review indicated limited success of commercial RS applications for shorter commuting trips.
“Our literature review indicated limited success of commercial RS applications for the shorter commuting trips.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Disruptions in type2 cases are harder to deflect.
“Disruptions in type2 cases are harder to deflect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These incentives reduce the associated costs of negotiating exchange and payment.
“These incentives reduce the associated costs of negotiating exchange and payment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The faster pace of mobility drives self-organization efforts from physical public spaces adjacent to PT stations into virtual spaces.
“Where once the public space adjacent to PT stations provided a physical arena for self-organization, such as the cases of USA1/2, the faster pace of mobility drives similar self-organization efforts into virtual spaces.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A similar triggering event that elevates willingness for mode change is noted after residential relocation.
“Similar triggering event that elevates willingness for mode change is noted after residential relocation (Zarabi et al. 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zarabi et al. 2019 source
- Interpretationreasoning
When a disruption carries temporary crisis meaning, type1 initiatives can persist and adapt.
“Thus, when the disruption carries temporary crisis meaning, type1 initiatives can persist and adapt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Each pattern serves a role in making SORS an applicable solution for short-distance commuting.
“Each pattern serves a role in making SORS an applicable solution for short-distance commuting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This line shape, along with accommodating chokepoints or bottlenecks, serves short-mid-distance commuting best by providing compensating mechanisms to higher transaction costs.
“This shape, along accommodating chokepoints or bottlenecks structures, serves short- mid-distance commuting best by providing compensating mechanisms to the higher transaction-costs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Unlike public transit, which can be instantaneously restored, SORS may need jump-starting assistance while recovering from disruption.
“Unlike PT, where service can be instantaneously restored, SORS may need jump-starting assistance, while recovering from this disruption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Hansen et al. (2010) showed that such local knowledge can be harvested through public engagement.
“While seemingly tacit, Hansen et al. (2010) had shown that such knowledge can be harvested through public engagement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hansen et al. (2010) source
- Interpretationreasoning
The cancellation of USA3 and Haliburton due to running costs and low uptake can be attributed to a lack of regime strains and geographical opportunities required for phase shift.
“(2) USA3 and Haliburton cancelation due to running costs and low uptake, may be contributed to lack of regime strains and geographical opportunities required for phase shift.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The amount of energy required to jump-start and maintain SORS is contextually dependent on the ability to produce affective participation.
“Lastly, as our recruitment analysis shows, the amount of “energy” required to jump-start and maintain SORS is contextually dependent on the ability to produce affective participation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Ready-made available tools can be easily adapted by mediators with no technological background and limited time.
“These ready-made available tools can be easily adapted by mediators with no technological background and limited time to invest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A 3+ requirement presents a better opportunity for self-organization outside the kin circle.
“The 3 + requirement presents a better opportunity for self-organization outside kin circle”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Regime actors can play an important and proactive role in the emergence, sustainability, and diffusion of SORS.
“the analysis suggests that regime actors can play an important and proactive role in its emergence, sustainability, and diffusion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Regime actors, even when aiming at sustainability, are locked-in by their self-perception as service or solutions providers and consequently fail to grasp SORS as a valid alternative until it becomes widespread.
“Exploration of the authorities’ relations revealed that even when regime actors aim at sustainability, they are locked-in by their self-perception as service/solutions providers and consequently fail to grasp SORS as a valid alternative, until it becomes a widespread phenomenon.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Controlled diffusion of SORS may be achieved by employing practitioners or mediators who become short-term activists, using experience to replicate the initiative to nearby locations, targeting similar crowds and adapting norms.
“Second, controlled diffusion may be achieved by employing practitioners or mediators who become short-term activists, using their accumulated experience to replicate the initiative to nearby locations, targeting similar crowds and adapting the norms to the new context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The rise and fall of the BRA2 app-supported initiative compared to ongoing BRA1 traffic can be attributed to high transaction costs induced by low QoS and no compensation mechanisms due to absence of technology support for social mechanisms.
“The rise and fall of this app-supported initiative, compared to the ongoing BRA1 traffic, can be attributed to high transaction-costs induced by low QoS, and no compensation mechanisms due to absence of technology support for social mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Line structure supports generation of SOC between recurring collaborators who meet physically or virtually.
“Additionally, line structure supports generation of SOC between recurring collaborators who meet physically of virtually.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Sharing overlaid with social meaning better influences sustainable decisions.
“this in turn overlays the sharing with social meaning that is found to better influence sustainable decisions (Riggs 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Riggs 2017 source
- Study design and conductown data
Data availability limited accessibility to additional cases and led to somewhat comfort sampling.
“However, data availability was a key concern limiting our accessibility to additional cases and leading to somewhat comfort sampling.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The amount of observed SOC is contextually dependent.
“The amount of observed SOC is contextually dependent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Norms can be contextually adapted to reduce transaction costs by simplifying ride arrangement negotiation, as recurring crowds use familiar landmarks, local facilities, and known exchange mechanisms.
“As a result, norms can be contextually adapted to reduce the associated transaction-costs by simplifying the ride arrangements negotiating, as recurring crowds use familiar landmarks, local facilities, and known exchange mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Adaptation to context is a key determinant of SORS success.
“Adaptation to the context is a key determinant of SORS success.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Local practices influence SORS.
“Second, local practices influence SORS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The failure to replicate the USA1 line to Alexandria, VA can be attributed to an unfavorable geographic landscape lacking separated HOV lanes.
“(1) the failure to replicate USA1 line to Alexandria VA, may be attributed to unfavorable geographic landscape in the form of missing separated HOV lanes;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Without an arena for reorganization and where mediators terminated support, SORS will be slow to revive.
“Regretfully, we believe that without an arena for reorganization and in cases where mediators terminated their support (e.g., USA1/2), SORS will be slow to revive.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 68
- It may state two separate claims as one. 140
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAnalyzing digital sources is gaining acceptance among multiple scholars for transportation and ridesharing research.
“Analyzing such digital sources is gaining acceptance by multiple scholars for transportation and ridesharing exploration (e.g., Gal-Tzur et al. 2014; Li et al. 2019; Eskelinen and Venäläinen 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFor commuting, nonprofit ridesharing can reduce vehicle-miles travelled, lower emissions and energy use, and improve average travel time.
“Specifically, for commuting, RS may reduce vehicle-miles travelled, decrease emissions and energy consumption, and improve the average travel time (Minett and Pearce 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Minett and Pearce 2011 source
Section 3.3 (p. 11) estimates that casual carpooling conserves fuel and identifies lower emissions and time saved as potential benefits. Section 2.2 (p. 4) also reports modeled commute-time savings. The paper does not establish a reduction in vehicle-miles traveled; Section 2.1 (p. 3) notes that casual carpooling may put more cars on the road when riders shift from public transport. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationEasier-to-use locally adapted solutions reduce relative transaction costs, while low QoS is offset by harnessing a true sense of mutuality.
“The easier-to-use locally adapted solutions reduces the relative transaction-costs, while low QoS is being offset by harnessing a true sense of mutuality (Guyader, 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyader, 2018 source
The indexed English abstract says technology makes sharing easier and cheaper, and the Findings passage describes communal participation and pro-social relationships. Neither passage establishes that locally adapted solutions reduce relative transaction costs or that mutuality offsets low quality of service; searches for transaction costs and QoS found no such account. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationCommercial apps may provide effective matching, but their use is associated with various cost-incurring activities.
“Where commercial apps may provide effective matching, their use is associated with various cost-incurring activities, such as creating a profile, listing a ride, reserving a seat, negotiating terms and meeting places, riding together, monetary exchange, conversing, and rating peers (Guyader 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Guyader 2018 source
The Findings passage says the paper identifies 10 ridesharing activities, and the Purpose passage describes online platforms as facilitating peer-to-peer exchanges. The passages do not identify the listed activities or establish that they incur costs; they also do not assess how effectively commercial apps match riders. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationTechnology choice is derived from local orientation-WhatsApp serves IL cases, Facebook serves USA1 and the Finnish example, but some tech-savvy crowds opt for apps.
“Technology choice is derived from the local orientation—WhatsApp serves the IL cases while Facebook serves the USA1 case and the Finnish example (Eskelinen and Venäläinen 2021), but some tech-savvy crowds would opt for apps.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Eskelinen and Venäläinen 2021 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationUnlike previous transportation semi-disasters that resulted in higher sharing, current shared-mobility fears grasp even the most dedicated communities and reduce ridesharing to nil.
“Unlike previous transportation semi-disasters (rising oil prices, PT strikes), which resulted in higher sharing, the current shared-mobility fears (Barbieri et al. 2021) grasp even the most dedicated communities, reducing RS to nil.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Barbieri et al. 2021 source
The Results and discussion sections (Transportation perceptions; Changes to travel behavior, pages not provided) report perceived infection risks in public transport and reduced travel, including an increase in respondents who never used a car driven in company. They do not examine especially dedicated ridesharing communities or show that ridesharing fell to nil. The comparison with oil prices and transit strikes precedes the citation and is not clearly attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataAll explored cases were stimulated by major recurring transportation problems: traffic congestion and parking shortage in USA1/2, parking unavailability and unsynchronized public transport in IL1/2, and low quality of public transport or no public transport in BRA1/2, USA3 and CA1.
“All the explored cases were stimulated by some major recurring transportation problem, as follows: traffic congestion and parking shortage in USA1/2, parking unavailability and unsynchronized PT in IL1/2, and low QoS of PT or no-PT in BRA1/2, USA3 and CA1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenRural communities (CA1 and IL2), younger, needy, and flexible students (BRA1/2), and cultures of lower personal distance (IL1/2, BRA1/2) are more prone to share rides.
“in general, rural communities (CA1 and IL2), younger, needy, and flexible students (BRA1/2), as well as cultures of lower personal distance (IL1/2, BRA1/2), are more prone to share rides.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe enduring SORS cases are situated at chokepoints: USA1 and USA2 at natural barriers, BRA1 and BRA2 on a secluded campus island, IL1 and IL2 on a single road to a rail station, and CA1 on an island connected by ferry.
“USA1 and USA2 are defined by the few routes crossing a natural barrier (Potomac River and Bay bridge respectively); BRA1,2 serve the secluded campus on Fundão island; IL1/2 are connected via one road to the rail station; and CA1 island is connected to the mainland by a ferry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataAll enduring cases share a choke corridor or chokepoint structure, along which meeting points can be set to enable efficient ridesharing.
“all the enduring cases share choke corridor or a chokepoint’ structure, along which meeting points can be set to enable efficient RS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationCompetencies of mastering group dialog provided by widespread WhatsApp use in Israel and Brazil, as well as the collaborative meaning, are borrowed and used to support SORS.
“The competencies of mastering group dialog, provided by the widespread WhatsApp use in Israel and Brazil (e.g., Culture Atlas, n.d.), as well as the collaborative meaning, are borrowed and used to support SORS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Culture Atlas, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn IL1, when members feared preferential parking closure, they had no direct channel to the rail authority and had to approach local politicians to contact the rail authority.
“when IL1 feared preferential parking closure, members had to roundaboutly approach their local politicians to contact rail authority, as they had no direct channel to the rail authority.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningMany initiatives respond to policy tools (e.g., HOV+3 or preferential parking) but tend to stay unassisted by official actors for extended periods.
“while many initiatives respond to policy tools (e.g., HOV + 3 or preferential parking), they tend to stay unassisted by official actors for extended periods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningAuthorities differ in their perception of ridesharing and the policy tools they enact to effect it.
“They differ in their perception of RS and the policy tools they enact to effect it.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningParticipants with a stronger habit of car-use take the role of drivers, while riders are at least initially drawn from the public transport riders crowd (e.g., USA1,2).
“participants with stronger habit of car-use take the role of drivers, while riders are at least initially drawn from the PT riders crowd (e.g., USA1,2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationWhile anonymity was a cornerstone of USA1 (LeBlanc 1999), technological platforms expose key personal data (profile or phone number), and users seem to relax some privacy requirements for better connectivity.
“While anonymity was one of the cornerstones of USA1 (LeBlanc 1999), the technological platforms expose some key personal data (profile or phone number), and their users seem to relax some of their privacy requirements for better connectivity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites LeBlanc 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingreasoningThe invisibility of SORS raises effectiveness questions, specifically by transportation planners (IL1).
“the invisibility of SORS raises effectiveness questions, specifically by transportation planners (IL1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningIn cases where a prior vehicle withdrawal habit exists (e.g., train users of IL1/2 who plan to leave their car at the rail station), no such competition is evident, and users tend to alternate between driver and rider roles.
“In cases where prior vehicle withdrawal habit exists (e.g., train users of ISR1,2 who plan to leave their car at the rail station), no such competition is evident, and users tend to alternate between driver and rider roles.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe study's findings show repeated patterns and the influence of context, official actors, and local practices on how initiatives move toward success.
“Study findings highlight repeated patterns as well as the role of context, official actors, and local practices in shaping initiative’s dynamics towards success.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenHitchhiking-like initiatives may be perceived as deviant, raising liability concerns (USA3).
“hitchhiking-like initiatives may be perceived as deviant, raising liability concerns (USA3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningAccessibility to chokepoints and defined meeting locations is provided through walking (IL1/2, BRA1/2, CA1) or by safe and available parking and accessible pickup locations (USA1/2).
“Accessibility is provided to these chokepoints and the defined meeting locations through walking (in IL1/2, BRA1/2, CA1) or by safe and available parking and accessible pickup locations (in USA1/2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataBRA1, IL1, and IL2, which use the same type of platform but are otherwise unrelated, have similar message format and timing, differing mainly in allowed content.
“The established ways of conduct of BRA1, IL11, and IL2, which use the same type of platform but are otherwise unrelated, include similar message format and timing, differing mainly in the allowed content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenIn USA2, Kirshner's attempted matchmaking platform ended up being used as a community arena; in USA1, Leblanc wrote a book and established a website for information dissemination and community blog; in BRA1, an obscure individual created the first group but every member holds management privileges; and in IL1, the manager targeted a handful of cohabitants and seldom practices her role.
“In USA2, for instance, Kirshner attempted matchmaking platform ended-up being used as a community arena; similarly, in USA1, optimization-driven Leblanc wrote a book recording the slugging phenomena and established the website serving for information dissemination and community blog; in BRA1, some obscure individual created the first group but every member holds management privileges; and in IL1,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenUSA1/2 were driven by HOV3+ benefits and IL1 by 3+ priority parking offering.
“the well-known USA1/2 were driven by HOV3 + benefits and IL1 by 3 + priority parking offering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataUSA3 activism was led by O'Brien, CA1 by MAP association of several dozen volunteers, and BRA2 by a group of students, all driven by environmental concerns.
“USA3 activism was led by O’Brien, CA1—by MAP association of several dozen volunteers, and BRA2—by a group of students, all driven by environmental concerns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningWhatsApp or Facebook arenas superseded the physical arena, resulting in faster and higher exposure.
“The WhatsApp or Facebook arenas, superseded the physical arena, resulting in faster and higher exposure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWhile type2 activists usually adhere to environmental messages, type2 participants are driven mainly by time-optimization concerns and are less involved in the initiative evolution, nor develop a sense of ownership.
“While its activists usually adhere to environmental messages, participants of type2 are driven mainly by time-optimization concerns and are less involved in the initiative evolution, nor develop a sense of ownership.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWhile social interaction is not driving SORS, some groups socialize.
“while social interaction is not driving SORS, some groups socialize.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThese virtual arenas supported new line formation in USA1 (SlugLines Springfield Official Group 2018) and online norm definition in IL1 [Riders to the rail, 2020].
“These virtual arenas supported new line formation in USA1 (SlugLines Springfield Official Group 2018), and online norm definition in IL1 [Riders to the rail, 2020].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites SlugLines Springfield Official Group 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Riders to the rail, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn USA1/2, ways of conduct include self-defined etiquette, line functionality, in-car behavior rules, and best practices of parking search and public transport backup.
“In USA1/2, ways of conduct include self-defined etiquette, line functionality, and in-car behavior rules, as well as best practices of parking search and public transport backup.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe other cases seem to develop organically within an optimization-seeking crowd, without an apparent activists-based structure.
“The other cases seem to develop organically within optimization seeking crowd, without an apparent activists-based structure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn USA1, the construction of the Rosslyn line is attributed to a lady who actively replicated other lines by handing out leaflets, setting a timeline, and urging fellow riders to join (LeBlanc 1999); in USA2, during metro service disruptions, Dan Kirshner and his environmentally conscious co-workers shaped the return-home lines after more than a decade of incoming lines.
“in USA1, the construction of the Rosslyn line is attributed to a lady who actively replicated other lines by handing-out leaflets, setting a timeline, and urging her fellow riders to join (LeBlanc 1999); and in USA2, during metro service disruptions, Dan Kirshner and his environmentally conscious co-workers had shaped the return-home lines after more than a decade of incoming lines.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites LeBlanc 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataType1 (participatory-initiatives) emerges and evolves organically, without long-term agenda, and is driven by self-organized optimization seekers.
“The first pattern, which we denote as type1, emerges and evolves organically, without long-term agenda, and is driven by self-organized optimization seekers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIL1/2 allow only functional SORS or transportation-oriented discourse (e.g., rail status, traffic status), while BRA1 group norms allow for university life, personal safety, and local know-how.
“While IL1/2 allow only functional SORS or transportation-oriented discourse (e.g., rail status, traffic status), BRA1 group norms allow for university life (e.g., electricity outage status), personal safety (e.g., a lecturer was shot), and local know-how (e.g., where to fix an iPhone).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenGroup-solidarity exchange is shown in the incentive-less IL2/CA1 rides, the return home rides of IL1, and the 'merci lines' of USA1.
“group-solidarity exchange is shown in the incentive-less IL2/CA1 rides, the return home rides of IL1, and the “merci lines” of USA1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataHitchhiking vocabulary and terminology are evident in IL1/2 and BRA1 discourse, and the thumb-up symbol is used in CA1 and USA3.
“the hitchhiking vocabulary and terminology are evident in IL1/2 and BRA1 discourse and the thumb-up symbol used in CA1 and USA3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWhile being activist-less, specific individuals acted practically as mediators and played a vital role at certain times.
“While being activists-less, specific individuals acted practically as mediators and played a vital role at certain times.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone givenThrough the years, this type of low-scale, yet community-wide, activism resulted in meaningful accomplishments (such as the bridge-toll-agreement).
“Through the years, this type of low-scale, yet community-wide, activism resulted in meaningful accomplishments (such as the bridge-toll-agreement to be discussed later).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenThe remote lines of USA2 developed social relationships, and BRA1 students share online life experience and even off-line activities.
“the remote lines of USA2 developed social relationships, and BRA1 students are known to share online life experience and even off-line activities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenCA1 relies solely on small place solidarity, requiring no external incentive.
“CA1 stands-out as relying solely on small place solidarity, requiring no external incentive.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenRecent digital platforms allow for easier active participation, making any participant a potential couch activist, sending complaints, signing petitions, running surveys, or opening Facebook groups.
“the recent digital platforms allow for easier active participation, making any participant a potential couch activist, sending complaints, signing petitions, running surveys, or opening Facebook groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataActivists usually form a small, dedicated working group, driven by sustainability vision, and communicate among themselves to define their niche and recruit participants.
“Activists usually form a small, dedicated working group, driven by sustainability vision, and communicate among themselves to define their niche and recruit participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenIL1 offers free return trips.
“IL1 offers free return trips.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenIn BRA2, the app interface dictates participants' workflow and dialog, allowing open discussion only among final ride-partners.
“In BRA2, the app interface dictates participants’ workflow and dialog, allowing open discussion only among the final ride-partners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataAll SORS initiatives currently use some form of technological infrastructure for a variety of services: USA1,2 and CA1 use websites for information dissemination; USA1,2 users' forums allow internal communication and lost-and-found; BRA1 and IL1,2 WhatsApp groups and recent USA1 Facebook groups are used for matchmaking, location negotiation, information dissemination, and extra value provision;BRA
“all SORS initiatives currently use some form of technological infrastructure for a variety of services, as follows: USA1,2 and CA1 use websites for information dissemination (e.g., pickup locations); USA1,2 users’ forums allow internal communication, as well as lost and found sections; BRA1 and IL1,2 WhatsApp groups and the recent USA1 Facebook groups are used for matchmaking, location negotiation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningThe more common incentives are third-party provided, as users abstain from monetary friction and the associated disturbance of in-car power-balance.
“The more common ones are third-party provided, as users abstain from monetary friction and the associated disturbance of in-car power-balance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenFrom that point, the initiative may return to stability or collapse and terminate, as typical to many RS initiatives.
“From that point, the initiative may return to stability or collapse and terminate, as typical to many RS initiatives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataType2 (activist-based) is organized by an upfront group of activists, and follows their guiding vision and well-defined structure and norms.
“The second type, denoted as type2, is organized by an upfront group of activists, and follows their guiding vision and well-defined structure and norms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenIn USA3, recording license plate pre-embarkment was recommended, though abandoned soon.
“in USA3, recording license plate pre-embarkment was recommended, though abandoned soon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
FindingreasoningThe process of recruitment alters the state of the Initiative from take-off into breakthrough.
“the process of recruitment alters the state of the Initiative from take-off into breakthrough.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
FindingreasoningIt also led to an elevated sense of ownership, shared among all participants.
“It also led to an elevated sense of ownership, shared among all participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone givenThe regime needs to be in a strained state (e.g., increased congestion) for successful SORS to emerge.
“the regime needs to be in strained state (e.g., increased congestion) for successful SORS to emerge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenBRA1 and BRA2 younger users are motivated by common concerns and sometimes by expense sharing, and their emergence is associated with technology availability.
“BRA1 and BRA2 younger users are motivated by common concerns and sometimes by expense sharing, and their emergence is associated with technology availability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenSudden changes create instantaneous mass-concentration of solution seekers with higher social cohesion typical of crisis.
“Unlike gradual adjustments, sudden changes create instantaneous mass-concentration of solution seekers, accompanied by higher social cohesion, typical to time of crisis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn BRA2, even repeated recruitment campaigns failed to regain lost momentum, and users reverted to BRA1.
“In this case, even repeated recruitment campaigns failed to regain the lost momentum, and users reverted to their functioning BRA1 solution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe comparative analysis revealed several main recurring patterns of significant similarity that allow SORS emergence and provide compensation mechanisms.
“The comparative analysis of the evolution processes of different SORS cases revealed several main recurring patterns of significant similarity that allow SORS emergence, as well as provide the abovementioned compensation mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenThese type2 attempts tend to fail, as only environmentally-committed participants join and critical mass is unachievable.
“These attempts tend to fail (e.g., USA3 or the Haliburton initiative), as only environmentally-committed participants join, and critical mass is unachievable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataDigital platforms are more accommodating: groups of 257 participants show sustainability.
“Digital platforms seem to be more accommodating, as groups of 257 participants (the maximum number of WhatsApp group members) show sustainability (BRA1, IL2)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenType2 initiatives usually target existing communities, recruiting through events.
“Type2 initiatives usually target existing communities, recruiting through events, such as publicity campaign, during earth-day in USA3 or green campaign in BRA2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataEven the successful IL1 was not replicated by similar local councils, and the single attempt to create a separate group for a specific neighborhood failed.
“(3) even the successful IL1 was not replicated by similar local councils, and the single attempt to create a separate group for a specific neighborhood failed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningType1 initiatives directly respond to these preconditions, while type2 activists may attempt emergence with partial or no supporting conditions.
“While type1 initiatives directly respond to these preconditions, type2 activists may attempt emergence with partial or no supporting conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn IL1, the 2017 rail closure undermined the group's goal; the group adapted its offering to long-distance trips with shared expenses implied, and returned to normal with vigor once service was reestablished.
“Similarly, in IL1, the 2017 rail closure for renovations undermined the group’s goal. The group responded by adapting its offering to long-distance trips, with shared expenses implied, returning to normal course with vigor once service was reestablished [Riders to the rail 2020].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Riders to the rail 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataDiffusion was revealed in BRA1 multiple groups, BRA2 as BRA1 direct offspring, CA1 diffused to neighboring islands, IL1 diffused to a local general-purpose RS group, and IL2 diffused from the canceled shuttle service.
“Similar diffusion was revealed in the following initiatives: BRA1 multiple groups, also in Telegram and Facebook, which can be considered as sister initiatives, serving the students’ communities of different neighborhoods of the city; BRA2, which is BRA1 direct offspring, inheriting both crowd and practices; CA1, which diffused its practices to multiple neighboring islands, such as the Bowen Lift”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bowen LIFT, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown dataUsing the conceptual Framework to systematically analyze eight diverse case studies allows portraying SORS as a repeated phenomenon with recurring patterns.
“Using the conceptual Framework to systematically analyze eight diverse case studies allows us to portray SORS as a repeated phenomenon, where recuring patterns emerge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataRepeated collaboration results in users developing a sense of belonging, readiness to defend their initiative, and altruistic behavior toward fellow users.
“Repeated collaboration results in users developing a sense of belonging, becoming ready to defend their initiative (e.g., protest potential cancelation of parking in IL1), or behaving altruistically towards fellow users (e.g., USA1 merci lines).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn USA2, the 2010 bridge toll disrupted non-monetary exchange and led to new norms where riders were advised to contribute one dollar towards the toll, becoming the de-facto standard, though a 10% participation reduction was later observed.
“The debate led to the formation of new norms, where riders were advised to contribute one dollar towards the toll, becoming the de-facto standard (though 10% participation reduction was later observed).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kirchner, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationPerception of efficacy is promoted by following others in action and potentially asking for guidance.
“Perception of efficacy is found to be promoted by following others in action in the physical or virtual space, and potentially asking for guidance (e.g., new recruits of BRA1 in [Students of UFRJ 2019]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Students of UFRJ 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn USA1, the 2008 economic crisis and higher gas prices created unmet demand, leading to norms adaptation that allowed an extra passenger over the 3+ required for HOV when the waiting line became too long.
“In the case of USA1, for instance, economy crisis and higher gas prices of 2008 created unmet demand, resulting in norms adaptation, which allowed an extra passenger, over the 3 + required for HOV, once the waiting line became too long (Oliphant 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Oliphant 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningGradual changes only cause minor drive-alone habits' adaptation, whereas sudden semi-crisis events promote SORS best.
“Additionally, it was observed that gradual changes only cause minor drive-alone habits’ adaptation, whereas sudden semi-crisis events (e.g., PT disruptions, rising gas prices, construction works) promote SORS best – driving road users to search for alternative solutions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe patterns include social dynamics and types of supporting organizations, SORS enabling preconditions, line structure, technology role, diffusion vectors, and contextual anchoring.
“These patterns, which are further discussed in the following sub-sections, include social dynamics and types of supporting organizations, SORS enabling preconditions, “line” structure, technology role, diffusion vectors, and contextual anchoring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThere is a fine line between nudging and spamming; spamming might cause participants to leave.
“However, there is a fine line between nudging and spamming, as the latter might cause participants to leave.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn IL1, temporary defection was observed when preferential parking became dysfunctional after the enforcing guard was reassigned; the removal of the policy tool was interpreted as initiative closure, regardless of growing benefits.
“For example, temporary defection was observed in IL1 when the preferential parking had become dysfunctional after the enforcing guard was reassigned to other duties. This removal of policy tool was interpreted as initiative closure, regardless of its growing benefits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenType2 activists are internally driven and create their own collaboration spaces, while type1 initiatives need a common arena where large crowds can meet.
“While type2 activists are internally driven and create their own collaboration spaces, type1 initiatives need a common arena, where large crowds can meet.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningBeing type2, BRA2 did not develop further, and its SOC was unable to compensate for app malfunctioning which introduced low QoS.
“However, being of type2, BRA2 did not develop further, and its SOC was unable to compensate for app malfunctioning which introduced low QoS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningWith repeated collaboration, some cases, specifically type1, show emerging SOC, achieving higher levels of community engagement.
“With repeated collaboration, some cases, specifically of type1, show emerging SOC—achieving higher levels of community engagement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataAs of early summer 2021, some revival of SORS had been shown, with CA1 almost back to normal and USA1 Facebook message boards indicating willingness to share again as traffic and parking returned to normal.
“However, as of early summer of 2021, some revival of SORS had been shown—for example, CA1 reports almost back to normal, providing participants use face masks, and USA1 message boards in Facebook indicate people are willing to start sharing again, as traffic/parking situation is back to normal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe study demonstrated the descriptive power of the Framework and its value for systematic comparison of different cases, exposing context and temporal dependencies previously hidden.
“Our study demonstrated the descriptive power of the Framework and its value for systematic comparison of different cases, exposing context and temporal dependencies that were previously hidden.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe post-pandemic challenge was observed to halt sharing but affect revival of cases differently.
“The unprecedented challenge posed by the post pandemic era, was revealed in our continuous observations to halt sharing, but affect revival of cases differently.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
FindingreasoningThe given reasoning stated security-supporting registration and reputation-ranking processes as complex.
“The given reasoning stated security-supporting registration and reputation-ranking processes as “complex”.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationBoth types of SORS and all active cases are facilitated to some degree by technology advances.
“Both types of SORS and all active cases are facilitated to some degree by technology advances.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataTechnology supports multiple goals such as information dissemination, matchmaking, and serving as an arena for self-organization, recruitment, norms building, reorganization, extra-value exchange, nudges, and messages of community-at-work.
“Technology had been shown here to support multiple goals such as information dissemination and matchmaking, but also to serve as the arena where self-organization can occur. This includes recruitment, norms building, and reorganization, as well as extra-value exchange, nudges, and messages of community-at-work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenUSA2 North Berkeley line and BRA1 reside in dense urban structures and serve short travel distances.
“Thus, for example, USA2 North Berkeley line and BRA1 reside in dense urban structures and serve short travel distances.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataDirect peer-to-peer monetary incentives in the form of expense-sharing are less effective for commuting-range ridesharing, activating mainly younger and needy crowds.
“Our exploration indicates that direct P2P monetary incentives in the form of expense-sharing, which have been shown elsewhere to positively influence long-distance travelling (e.g., Finger et al. 2017), are less effective for commuting range, activating mainly younger and needy crowds (e.g., BRA1/2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Finger et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenCommercial ridesharing services are not successful as expected, and SORS cases provide limited diffusion.
“However, RS commercial services are not successful as expected, and SORS cases are shown to provide limited diffusion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe multi-level framework enables examination of how context influences SORS emergence and evolution.
“The multi-level analysis shifts the focus of exploration from the user-centric approach of what motivates participants to rideshare, to an initiative evolving within its surroundings. Therefore, it enables the examination of how the context influences emergence and evolution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study allows assessing the comprehensiveness of the conceptual framework and validating its usefulness.
“It also allows assessing the comprehensiveness of the conceptual framework and validating its usefulness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA successful SORS is a pattern of adequate adaptation to place, culture, and social practices.
“Shoshany-Tavory et al. (2020) postulated that a successful SORS represents a pattern of adequate contextual adaptations to place- culture- and social practices, from which valuable lessons can be learned to stimulate and increase RS uptake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shoshany-Tavory et al. 2020 source
Probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe qualitative multiple-case methodology allows in-depth understanding of why, how, and where questions that other methods find hard to decipher.
“Such methodology allows in-depth understanding of why, how, and where questions (Yin 2009) that are hard to decipher by other methods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yin 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn the late 1980s, BART experienced reduced service demand due to USA2 emergence, resulting in attempts to discourage the practice (Beroldo 1990).
“in late 80 s, BART (local metro) experienced reduced service demand due to USA2 emergence, resulting in attempts to discourage the practice (Beroldo 1990).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beroldo 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown dataThe interviews served both to validate the results and to provide better contextual understanding of hidden processes such as activists' goals.
“The interviews provided both validation of the results and better contextual understanding of hidden processes (e.g., goals driving the activists).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe authors' previously proposed conceptual framework allows systematic examination of SORS cases.
“Identifying these gaps as knowledge barriers to capitalize SORS learning opportunities, the authors have suggested in a previous paper a conceptual framework for systematic examination of SORS cases (Shoshany-Tavory et al. 2020).”
- Also stated in: § A framework for SORS exploration · plain
“Such approach is provided by a conceptual framework for SORS exploration (i.e., the “Framework”), recently developed by the authors (Shoshany-Tavory et al. 2020), using existing RS/SORS literature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shoshany-Tavory et al. 2020 source
- Also stated in: § A framework for SORS exploration · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenAuthorities' concerns may include lack of hard evidence of SORS/RS's impact and policy tools' performance.
“Authorities’ concerns may also include lack of hard evidence of SORS/RS’s impact and policy tools’ performance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningElectronic footprints allow retrospective data collection and ex-post analysis because they remain until intentionally omitted.
“Furthermore, as the electronic footprints remain until intentionally omitted, they also allow retrospective data collection and ex-post analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningTraditional success measures like counting daily rides are largely unsuitable for technology-based SORS because rides happen in multiple places or are arranged privately, and users' alternative transport mode can only be inferred indirectly.
“traditional measures of success (e.g., counting daily rides) are mostly inapplicable, specifically in technology-based SORS, as actual rides occur in multiple locations or arranged by private messages, and users’ alternative modality can only be indirectly inferred.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationExperts view ridesharing as an easy and efficient way to transport commuters, requiring modest infrastructure investments, using unharnessed resources, and demanding little government involvement (Burris et al. 2012), while different authorities have traditionally voiced conflicted attitudes towards SORS (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012).
“Whereas experts view RS as an easy and efficient way to transport commuters, requiring modest infrastructure investments, using unharnessed resource, and demanding little government involvement (Burris et al. 2012), different authorities had traditionally voiced conflicted attitudes towards SORS (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Burris et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningKnowledge about the key elements and mechanisms behind successful SORS is incomplete, which limits efforts to use its diffusion and scaling potential.
“Still, knowledge regarding the key elements and mechanisms behind successful SORS is partial, hindering the ability to effectively leverage SORS diffusion and scaling potential.”
- Also stated in: § Literature review · plain
“However, despite being a seemingly repeated phenomenon, the sporadic and partial body of knowledge on SORS is hindering our ability to effectively leverage SORS diffusion or scaling potential.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Successful initiatives can provide learning opportunities.
- Also stated in: § Literature review · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningCar-use competencies allow for trip planning and parking searching.
“As car-dependent regimes, car-use competencies allow for trip planning and parking searching.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductcitationThe eight selected SORS cases represent diverse cultures, contexts, and operation periods.
“To allow generalization, the selected cases represent diverse cultures, contexts, and operation periods.”
- Also stated in: § Case-based analysis · plain
“As Shoshany-Tavory et al. (2020) predict cultural, geographic, temporal, and technological variations of SORS initiatives, eight different cases were selected (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Case-based analysis · plain
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSORS formulation and evolution processes follow repeated patterns.
“According to Shoshany-Tavory et al. (2020), SORS formulation and evolution processes follow repeated patterns, hence their systematic exploration holds learning opportunities for policy improvements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shoshany-Tavory et al. 2020 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationO'Brien and Dunning (2014) found generation-specific responses to hitchhiking in USA3: baby boomers fondly recalled hitchhiking in their youth, while generation Xers expressed wariness.
“In USA3, O’Brien and Dunning (2014) found generation specific responses: while baby boomers fondly recalled hitchhiking in their youth, generation Xers, growing at the height of USA anti-hitchhiking campaigns, expressed wariness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O’Brien and Dunning (2014) source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningDigital footprint sources provide data on otherwise-hidden social processes and are unintrusive, more reliable, and retrospectively accessible.
“These sources were preferred over the more customary survey methodology (e.g., Shaheen et al. 2016; Rafiq and Mitra 2020; Barbieri et al. 2021), as they provide data on otherwise-hidden social processes while being unintrusive, more reliable, and retrospectively accessible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study's structured analysis allows identification of similar traits and evolution processes, and discovery of recurring patterns linked to initiatives' success and contextual anchoring.
“The structured analysis allows identification of similar traits and evolution processes, as well as discovery of recurring patterns associated with the initiatives’ success and their contextual anchoring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningSome authorities have advocated ridesharing through policy tools, while others have seen high-volume SORS initiatives as undermining their traditional responsibility as transport regulators, raising concerns of disruptions and disorder.
“While some have advocated RS through the policy tools explored in our literature review, others have seen high volume SORS initiatives as undermining their traditional responsibility as transport regulators, raising concerns of disruptions and disorder.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningExcept for the Lawrence case, all selected cases persisted for more than a year and were active until the Covid-19 pandemic.
“To avoid cluttering by less founded results, except for the Lawrence case, all selected cases persisted for more than a year and were active until the Covid-19 pandemic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningWhile organic emergence of activist-less initiatives occurs given the right conditions, diffusion to other locations or friction with authorities may prove problematic, requiring some level of activism from its mediators.
“While organic emergence of activist-less initiatives occurs given the right conditions, diffusion to other locations or friction with authorities may prove problematic, requiring some level of activism from its mediators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenOPM offers appropriate extending semantics in the form of processes and objects' states, where transition is achieved through processes that lead to state change.
“OPM offers the appropriate extending semantics in the form processes and objects’ states, where transition is achieved through processes which lead to state change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationLeblanc of USA1 claims at least 30 daily drivers are needed for several weeks to jump-start a new line.
“To jump-start a new line, Leblanc of USA1 [2018] claims at least 30 daily drivers are needed, for several weeks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Leblanc of USA1 [2018]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningState-based analysis is envisioned to provide better reflection on the current situation of each component while considering alternative state transitions.
“State-based analysis is envisioned to provide better reflection on the current situation of each component while considering alternative state transitions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThese optimized settings are the work of activists, who are a major component of grassroots innovation to which SORS may belong (Seyfang and Smith 2007).
“These optimized settings are the work of activists, who are a major component of grassroot innovation to which SORS may belong (Seyfang and Smith 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Seyfang and Smith 2007 source
Probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe generic components' architecture (Fig. 2) lacks the ability to capture dynamic change processes.
“the generic components’ architecture (Fig. 2) serves as a powerful tool for describing and aligning SORS initiatives, it lacks the ability to capture dynamic change processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe absence of safety references in other cases may be attributed to a sense of seclusion achieved by place attachment (CA1, IL1/2, BRA1), or the sense of security provided by digital platforms (identifiable cellular number in IL1/2, BRA1, or SSO in BRA2).
“This may be attributed to a sense of seclusion achieved by place attachment (CA1, IL1/2, BRA1), or the sense of security provided by the digital platforms, in the form of an identifiable cellular number (IL1/2, BRA1) or the SSO of BRA2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataLengthy and unoptimized take-off dialog establishes an initial sense of community and defines boundaries between collaborators and others.
“Take-off lengthy and unoptimized dialog serves to establish an initial sense of community, defining the boundaries of “us” (the collaborators) versus “them” (all the others, including solution providers).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningShorter trips are less expensive, so expense-sharing schemes' value is negligible compared to overall direct and indirect costs.
“Second, shorter trips are less expensive, thus expense-sharing schemes value, which is the prime motivator of commercial-app use, is negligible compared to the overall direct and indirect costs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe comparative classification complements existing user-centric case studies and allows a wider perspective on SORS.
“While the details may vary, the comparative classification, using the different analysis units, complements the existing user-centric case studies (e.g., Burris et al. 2012; Shaheen et al. 2016) and allow us to gain wider perspective on SORS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Burris et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Shaheen et al. 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningTo tip the transaction-costs equation for short commuting distance and mature crowds, third-party incentives are needed where monetary incentives show less effectiveness.
“To tip the transaction-costs equation for the short commuting distance and the more mature crowds, third-party incentives are needed where monetary incentives show less effectiveness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningBy highlighting recurring success contributors and locational interpretations, the comparative analysis suggests that SORS potential can be estimated in advance, externally influenced, and replicated beyond its current localized context.
“By highlighting both the recurring success contributors and the different locational interpretations, through our comparative analysis we suggest that SORS potential can be estimated in advance, externally influenced, and replicated beyond its current localized context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningSORS/RS promotion policies may be offered to improve solutions to mid-short distance commuting in variable conditions and for difficult-to-attract crowds.
“Thus, SORS/RS promotion policies may be offered to improve solutions to mid-short distance commuting in variable conditions, and for difficult to attract crowds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningRepeated social-like sharing within well-defined enclaves (line structure) results in defining boundaries of us versus them, using common symbols and trust among peers to fulfill needs, which are essential signs of SOC.
“We claim that repeated, social-like sharing within well-defined enclaves (i.e., line structure), results in defining the boundaries of “us” versus “them”, using common symbols and trust among peers to fulfill their needs—which are the essential signs of SOC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningSuch policies can complement the sustainable-transportation toolbox and increase RS uptake in areas that meet SORS-based criteria.
“Such policies can complement the sustainable-transportation toolbox and consequently increase RS uptake in areas that meet SORS-based criteria.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationUSA1 may be seen as the product of congestion and oil prices while subverting official actors' intentions in applying HOV+3 rules.
“For example, USA1 may be seen as the product of congestion and oil prices (i.e., friction) while subverting the official actors’ intentions in applying HOV + 3 rules (Mote and Whitestone 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mote and Whitestone 2011 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataType1 examples seem to rely on the noted sense of community among members and the existence of an arena where reorganization can occur.
“These type1 examples seem to rely on the noted sense of community among its members, as well as the existence of an arena where reorganization can occur.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThese conditions create an instantaneous critical mass of potential collaborators, overcoming stranger-danger and QoS barriers.
“These conditions create an instantaneous critical mass of potential collaborators, overcoming the stranger-danger and the QoS barriers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThis reduces the number of potential collaborators and the initiative QoS through lack of critical mass and reduces service effectiveness for this range.
“This in turn reduces the number of potential collaborators and the initiative QoS through lack of critical mass and reduces the service effectiveness for this range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThese incentives retain the driver's status as ride-owner and eliminate in-car stress associated with monetary awkwardness.
“Moreover, they retain the driver’s status as ride-owner and eliminate in-car stress associated with monetary awkwardness (Deakin et al. 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Deakin et al. 2010 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe regime interacts with the SORS-niche unknowingly, as existing friction stimulates SORS and offerings of external actors provide incentives and solutions.
“Unknowingly, the regime interacts with the SORS-niche, as the existing friction stimulate SORS, and offerings of external actors provide incentives and solutions to tap into.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe regime lends its supportive infrastructure and incentive opportunities.
“The regime also lends its supportive infrastructure and incentive opportunities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe structure and perceptions of SORS initiatives effectively compensate these gaps by lowering transaction costs and mitigating periods of low QoS.
“Our findings suggest that both the structure and perceptions of SORS initiatives serve to effectively compensate these gaps by lowering transaction-costs to an agreeable level and mitigating periods of low QoS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningThe examination of the multi-level niche-regime-landscape structure and evolution processes provides better understanding of the phenomenon within its context than previous studies.
“The examination of the multi-level niche-regime-landscape structure and evolution processes provides better understanding of the phenomenon within its context than previous studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe niche-level may comprise both participatory style (type1) and activists-driven (type2) SORS, operating within regime and landscape levels that encompass existing communities from which SOC and participation may be drawn and practices borrowed.
“As to organizational dynamics, the niche-level may comprise both types of SORS: the participatory style (type1) and the activists-driven (type2). They operate within the regime and landscape level which encompass existing communities, from which SOC and participation may be drawn and practices borrowed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningDrivers of short-mid distance trips are mainly driven by time-saving motivations and have lower flexibility, making detours costly and less acceptable.
“Consequently, drivers of short-mid distance trips are mainly driven by time saving motivations and their flexibility is lowered compared to longer trips, making detours costly and less acceptable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningCommercial apps lack the same structure and benefits, and their standard interface provides no similar compensations, explaining their limited success at those distances.
“Commercial apps lack the same structure and benefits, and the standard interface provides no similar compensations, thus their limited success in those distances is understandable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningTo mitigate the persistent-case bias, the authors highlight several failed replications in the vicinity of the explored cases.
“To mitigate this concern, we highlight several failed replications in the vicinity of the explored cases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe failed diffusion of IL1 to similar local councils can be attributed to a missing arena for self-organization and insufficient critical mass.
“(3) the failed diffusion of IL1 to similar local councils, can be attributed to missing arena for self-organization and insufficient critical mass.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataAlthough participants seldom report social motivation as driving recruitment, observations associate the process with existing and emerging SOC.
“Therefore, though participants seldom report social motivation as driving their recruitment, our observations associate the process with existing and emerging SOC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningParticipants may perceive their peers as safe because they belong to the same limited-purpose group, were recruited in the same way, and have the arena as a dispute-handling platform, supported by low-entry technology choice.
“They may perceive their peers as safe since they belong to the same limited-purpose group, were recruited in the same way, and have the arena as a dispute-handling (or shaming) platform – all supported by their low-entry technology choice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningMonitoring ridesharing activity allows official actors to ensure its sustainability, for example by removing local hurdles to threatened lines.
“Through monitoring the RS activity, official actors can ensure its sustainability—for example by removing local hurdles to specific threatened lines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningSORS and ridesharing can be assisted by technology to elevate ride-matching odds while maintaining low transaction costs.
“SORS and RS can be assisted by technology for elevating ride-matching odds, while maintaining low transaction-costs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningMultiple fixed-route ridesharing lines can exchange information and integrate with other sustainable travelling modes.
“These multiple fixed-route RS lines can exchange information and integrate with other sustainable travelling modes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAn active role by authorities reduces the perception of ridesharing as deviant while mitigating official actors' liability concerns.
“Such an active role reduces RS deviancy perception while mitigating official actors’ liability concerns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningSome SORS cases have preexisting high SOC, but in general prior SOC level is defined by cultural traits, traveled distance, urban density, age, and economic state.
“Some SORS cases own preexisting high SOC (e.g., small and rural CA1), but in general prior SOC level is found to be defined by cultural traits, traveled distance, urban density, age, and economic state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningSelection of persistent cases, except USA3, where data was available may introduce bias and limit ability to reflect on failed attempts.
“Similarly, bias may be introduced through our selection of persistent cases (except for USA3), where data was available, limiting our ability to reflect on failed attempts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningValue-for-money decisions can be made in advance and intervention test-trials may have better success rates.
“Specifically, value-for-money decisions can be made in advance and intervention test-trials may have better success rates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningEncouraging ridesharing in privately owned autonomous vehicles for older, suburban, and rural user groups may require interventions and SORS-like stimulations similar to the presented work.
“encouraging ridesharing in privately owned AVs, for these users’ groups, may require interventions and SORS-like stimulations similar to our presented work.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningThe determinants cultural traits, traveled distance, urban density, age, and economic state can be estimated in advance to predict users-groups' willingness to participate, engage in altruist behavior, and provide transportation and social value to their peers.
“Similarly, the determinants cultural traits, traveled distance, urban density, age, and economic state can be estimated in advance to predict users-groups’ willingness to participate, engage in altruist behavior, and provide transportation and social value to their peers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenLocal culture and travel distance dictate what is an acceptable exchange and how far familiarity can go in reducing stress-related anxieties.
“Third, the local culture (specific to country and users’ group) and travel distance dictate what is an acceptable exchange and how far can familiarity go in reducing stress-related anxieties.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningData availability dictated different source types for each case, so the information base might be misrepresenting or biased.
“Data availability also dictates different source types for each case. Consequently, the information base might be misrepresenting or biased.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe integrated approach embraces self-organization and offers low-cost adaptations of policies.
“The integrated approach embraces self-organization and offers a set of low-cost adaptations of policies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenDigital platforms present an integration opportunity for SORS and commercial ridesharing into Mobility-as-a-Service.
“Finally, digital platforms present an integration opportunity of SORS and commercial RS into Mobility-as-a-Service.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningRemoving policy tools such as changing HOV to toll lanes might lead to loss of value, signal lack of appreciation, hinder communal spirit, and consequently result in initiative termination.
“However, care should be exercised when removing policy tools, such as changing HOV to toll lanes, which might lead to loss of value, signal lack of appreciation of the initiative, and hinder the communal spirit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningSuccessful diffusion of SORS needs to incorporate knowledge, meaning, specific context understanding, and replicate SORS evolution processes.
“Therefore, successful diffusion needs to incorporate not only knowledge, meaning, and specific context understanding, but also replicate SORS evolution processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe addition of the regime/landscape view allows understanding of contextual anchoring, recurring patterns, and differentiating attributes.
“The addition of the regime/landscape view in our holistic multi-level approach, allows understanding of the contextual anchoring, the recurring patterns, and the differentiating attributes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningBecause no one needs to wait out and transactions are evaluated in advance, the value of technology-assisted ride matching can be immediately achieved.
“As no one needs to wait-out, and transaction is evaluated in advance, this value can be immediately achieved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe line structure establishes a large-enough users' base while retaining localized familiarity.
“While the such structure establishes a large-enough users’ base, it still retains localized familiarity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningOptimization of the existing ridesharing toolbox may support SORS and ridesharing in general.
“This optimization of the existing RS toolbox may support SORS, but also RS in general.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningEffective monitoring allows tailoring to local context and deriving insights for more effective replications.
“Effective monitoring further allows tailoring to the local context and deriving insights leading to more effective replications.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationTechnology innovations created new alternatives for sharing, simplifying the process compared to the pre-accessible internet age.
“These innovations have created new alternatives for sharing, for both communal and utilitarian purposes, simplifying the process compared to pre-accessible internet age (Belk 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Belk 2014 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIndirect and comfort-based incentives reduce monetary eversion and potential in-car strains and improve resource utilization.
“These incentives reduce monetary eversion (Deakin et al. 2010) and potential in-car strains (Zmud and Rojo 2013), and improve the utilization of resources.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Deakin et al. 2010 source
- cites Zmud and Rojo 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningBRA2's initial SOC resembles BRA1's SOC, which explains its initial high recruitment.
“For example, BRA2’s initial SOC resembles BRA1’s SOC, which explains its initial high recruitment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenReplication of SORS may occur naturally within similar regime, landscape and triggering conditions, enabling the same user base to join a new line with similar norms.
“First, replication may naturally occur, within similar regime, landscape and triggering conditions, empowering the same users’ base to join a new line with similar norms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningExisting and emerging SOC compensate for periods of low QoS and support initiatives' resiliency, increasing the chances of SORS prevalence over time.
“Existing and emerging SOC compensate for periods of low QoS, and support initiatives resiliency thus increasing the chances of SORS prevalence over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningApplying carrots in parallel to upcoming sticks may improve the uptake of ridesharing.
“Applying those so called “carrots” in parallel to upcoming “sticks” may improve the uptake of RS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningEmergence is associated with accessibility to a concentration of participants, providing better QoS and improved matchmaking odds.
“Emergence is also associated with accessibility to a concentration of participants is provided (either their origins or accessible chokepoints), thus providing better QoS and consequently improved matchmaking odds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningTechnology assistance provides more grace period for digital initiatives to stabilize.
“Thus, more grace period is provided for the digital initiatives to stabilize.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningStrangers become part of a community and repeated rides are more likely, reducing overall ridesharing stress and allowing exchange of social goods.
“Thus, strangers become part of a community and repeated rides are more likely to occur, reducing the overall ridesharing related stress and allowing the exchange of social goods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningBRA1 rises within younger and needy crowds, sharing a culture of low physical distancing and preexisting SOC of a homogeneous student community, making it easier to create and follow faster recruitment without official intervention.
“Yet, BRA1 rises within younger and needy crowds, sharing culture of low physical distancing and preexisting SOC of homogeneous student community, therefore easier to create and follow faster recruitment, without any official intervention.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningUsing SOC level as an explaining attribute, students' communities will always be ready to participate, while mature crowds will need external triggers and a build-up process to be activated.
“Using SOC level as one of the explaining attributes we can predict that students’ communities will always be ready to participate, while mature crowds will need external triggers and build-up process to be activated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningTo increase study validity, the authors used multiple cases, qualitative exploration, and combined digital footprints, personal interviews, and earlier explorations.
“To increase study’s validity, we opted for multiple cases, using qualitative exploration, and combining information extracted from digital footprints, personal interviews, and earlier explorations of some of the selected cases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningIn a network-level service vision, ridesharing lines can be linked into multi-hop routes similar to public transit, trading trust across different lines' groups.
“In this vision, network-level service may be envisioned, where RS “lines” can be linked into multi-hop routes, similarly to the PT system, trading trust across the different lines’ groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningUsing the policy and technology recommendations may encourage SORS and its diffusion and ease hurdles faced by commercial ridesharing services.
“We assert that using the policy and technology recommendations offered in Sect. 5.4 may not only encourage SORS and its diffusion, but also ease the hurdles faced by commercial RS services.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningThe authors combined existing impact assessments with meta-analysis of electronic footprints; users' perceptions from content analysis and interviews were combined with recruitment/defection ratio and online traffic rate.
“Thus, we combined existing impact assessments (e.g., surveys performed by other scholars) with meta-analysis of electronic footprints. Specifically, users’ perceptions, elicited through content analysis and interviews, were combined with estimates of recruitment/defection ratio and online traffic rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningAssessing participants' socio-demographic parameters is challenging because many platforms do not support user profiles; the authors relied on platform-available profiles, interviewee accounts, and previous studies.
“Assessing the participants socio-demographic parameters is also challenging, since many cases use platforms that do not support users’ profiles. Here again we had to rely on platform-available profiles, interviewees accounts, and previous studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenFor additional information on previously studied cases, only key stakeholders were interviewed and data was appended with documented interviews and surveys.
“Specifically, for additional information on previously studied cases, we interviewed only key stakeholders (activists or mediators) and appended our data with documented interviews and surveys.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough research deficiencies may limit generality, the emerging patterns were consistently repeated, so the authors believe generalization was achieved.
“While these research deficiencies may limit the generality of our findings, the emerging patterns were consistently repeated. Therefore, we believe generalization was achieved.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningInterviews were supplementary; only 12 interviews were performed until saturation was reached.
“The interviews’ role was supplementary, hence we performed only a small number (12) of interviews, until saturation was reached.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenCounting actual rides is almost impossible, and users' alternative modality can only be indirectly inferred.
“Counting the actual rides is almost impossible, and users’ alternative modality can only be indirectly inferred.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Successful initiatives can provide learning opportunities.
“Following the premise that successful initiatives may provide learning opportunities, this study aims at narrowing this knowledge gap by performing a comparative cross-cultural systematic study of eight diverse SORS cases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short- and mid-range trips make up the vast majority of commuting trips.
“As short- mid-range trips correspond to the vast majority of commuting trips, the low effectiveness of RS policies and commercial offerings, restrict their potential system-wide impact in reducing SOV externalities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The selected SORS cases are representative of SORS initiatives in different contexts, allowing generalization of the cross-case patterns.
“we conducted cross comparison of the cases via the Framework constructs to reveal repeated patterns and variations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The alternative success indicators used (case persistence, users' positive perceptions, recruitment vs defection rates, and matchmaking traffic estimates) are valid measures of SORS success.
“As success indicators, we combined case persistence over time, users’ positive perceptions (through thematic exploration), positive recruitment vs defection rates (produced by statistical analysis) and estimates of matchmaking traffic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The digital trace data (WhatsApp messages and Facebook groups) are representative of the groups' communication and interactions.
“WhatsApp messages since inception, N = 452, n= 10,200”
The paper relies on this without support.
The eight selected SORS cases are representative enough of the broader phenomenon for the comparative findings to generalize.
“Using the conceptual Framework to systematically analyze eight diverse case studies allows us to portray SORS as a repeated phenomenon, where recuring patterns emerge.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' online messages and reported experiences accurately reflect their motivations, recruitment, and participation behavior.
“The analysis of WhatsApp messages since the inception of IL1 [Riders to the rail, 2020] reveals that learning and setting of norms appear as a gradual process in which matchmaking dialog schemes are trialed by different users, and the fittest schemes survive in a follow-the-lead type of learning.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Facebook has superior searchable properties that allow faster and wider exposure and recruitment, but some crowds avoid it and prefer less spam-infested and more just-in-time platforms such as WhatsApp.
“For example, while Facebook is superior in its searchable property, allowing faster and wider exposure and recruitment, some crowds are weary of its use, preferring less spam-infested and more just-in-time platforms, such as WhatsApp.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-occupancy rate will continue to be a city-wide issue in the long-term future.
“In the long-term future, low-occupancy rate may continue being a city-wide issue.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Technological innovation, including digital tools, plays a growing role in NPOs.
“Technological innovation, including digital tools, plays a growing role [59].”
From Sustainable Value Creation in Nonprofit Organizations: Processes, Determinants, and Strategic Dimensions (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
The Discussion (‘The role of technology’; page unavailable) says technology advances facilitate all active nonprofit self-organized ridesharing cases, and the Results (‘Architecture of SORS’; page unavailable) lists their use of websites, messaging platforms, and apps. The paper supports a growing role for digital tools in those ridesharing initiatives, but does not establish that trend for NPOs generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Transit-backup claim conflicts with the Pender Island case
MinorThe paper says successful meeting places have existing public transit as a backup, but its case table describes CA1, the continuing Pender Island initiative, as having no mass transit.
“Successful meeting places are supported by existing PT as backup, which mitigates low QoS or emergency returns.”
“CA1 | Secluded, single point of entry, no mass transit”
Citations
Cites
Theory Construction in Qualitative Research: From Grounded Theory to Abductive Analysis
Timmermans, S., & Tavory, I. (2012) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275112457914 · Cited by 4,349 · cited 1×
“The Framework was used in an abductive fashion to guide the qualitative analysis (Timmermans and Tavory 2012), where its categories were used as initial themes, and emerging themes were either linked-to or set apart as variations of sub-categories.”
From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems
Geels, F. W. (2004) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.015 · Cited by 4,098 · cited 2×
“Specifically, Multi-Level-Perspective (MLP) theory is used, where a niche (micro-level), is encompassed by regime (mezzo) and landscape (macro) (Rip and Kemp 1998; Geels 2004).”
The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes
Shove, E., Pantzar, M., & Watson, M. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446250655 · Cited by 3,800 · cited 1×
“Lastly, for regime-level processes, the Framework borrows from Social Practice Theory (SPT) where everyday practices (e.g., car use), encompassing elements, meaning, and competence are combined and interwind to create daily actions that produce the new practices of the niche (Shove et al. 2012).”
An agenda for sustainability transitions research: State of the art and future directions
Köhler, J., Geels, F. W., Kern, F., Markard, J., Onsongo, E., Wieczorek, A., Alkemade, F., Avelino, F., Bergek, A., Boons, F., et al. (2019) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2019.01.004 · Cited by 2,800 · cited 1×
“Köhler et al. (2019) advocated a combination of supporting theories for better understanding of changes in processes, practices, and people’s behavior.”
More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy
Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., & van Asselt, M. (2001) · Foresight · doi:10.1108/14636680110803003 · Cited by 2,100 · cited 1×
“Consequently, the niche evolves through the phases of predevelopment, take-off, and breakthrough, to reach stabilization (Rotmans et al. 2001).”
Grassroots innovations for sustainable development: Towards a new research and policy agenda
Seyfang, G., & Smith, A. (2007) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644010701419121 · Cited by 1,777 · cited 1×
“…assist in niche-level specific understanding, the Framework incorporates constructs from Grassroot Innovation (GI) which addresses self-organized leadership, where activists lead bottom-up sustainable development by learning and norming through their communication channels (Seyfang and Smith 2007).”
Within-Case and Across-Case Approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis
Ayres, L., Kavanaugh, K. L., & Knafl, K. A. (2003) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732303013006008 · Cited by 998 · cited 1×
“First, each case was analyzed separately, and then a cross-comparison of all cases was performed, as discussed by Ayres et al. (2003), using the Framework classifiers.”
The experienced "sense" of a virtual community
Blanchard, A., & Markus, M. L. (2004) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/968464.968470 · Cited by 629 · cited 1×
“Such emerging community of practice along with its associated Sense-of-Community (SOC) (McMillan and Chavis 1986; Blanchard and Markus 2004) are introduced by the evolutionary process of the multi-level interacting units.”
Sharing Versus Pseudo-Sharing in Web 2.0
Belk, R. (2014) · The Anthropologist · doi:10.1080/09720073.2014.11891518 · Cited by 622 · cited 1×
“These innovations have created new alternatives for sharing, for both communal and utilitarian purposes, simplifying the process compared to pre-accessible internet age (Belk 2014).”
Shaheen, S., & Chan, N. (2016) · Built Environment · doi:10.2148/benv.42.4.573 · Cited by 526 · cited 10×
“…et al. 2012; Zmud and Rojo 2013), popular media (Salzman 2013) USA2 Users’ forum (Kirchner, n.d.), interview with mediator/activist [Kirchner 2018], observations at Berkeley North 6/2018, research papers (Shaheen et al. 2016), reports (Beroldo 1990, 1999; Bur-ris et al. 2012; Zmud and Rojo 2013”
InfluentialRide-hailing, travel behaviour and sustainable mobility: an international review
Tirachini, A. (2020) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-019-10070-2 · Cited by 470 · cited 1×
“Unlike shared ride-hailing services (e.g., Uber), which had been shown to negatively influence the overall transportation system (Tirachini 2020), RS can potentially provide numerous system-wide societal benefits.”
Shared ride services in North America: definitions, impacts, and the future of pooling
Shaheen, S., & Cohen, A. (2019) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1497728 · Cited by 372 · cited 6×
“…carpooling, is defined as private vehicle rides where riders may exchange operating expenses, driving responsibilities, or other non-monetary benefits, while sharing the driver’s predesignated trip, (Article L. 3132-1 of the Energy Transition Law for Green Growth of 2015; Shaheen and Cohen 2019).”
InfluentialModeling Individual Preferences for Ownership and Sharing of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies
Lavieri, P. S., Garikapati, V. M., Bhat, C. R., Pendyala, R. M., Astroza, S., & Dias, F. F. (2017) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2665-01 · Cited by 310 · cited 1×
“…alter travel behavior towards ridesharing, and consequently improve the transportation network performance (Etzioni et al. 2021), others (e.g., Lavieri et al. 2017) predict that some user’s groups, such as older, suburban, and rural individuals, will remain entrenched in their ownership…”
Barbieri, D. M., Lou, B., Passavanti, M., Hui, C., Hoff, I., Lessa, D. A., Sikka, G., Chang, K., Gupta, A., Fang, K., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245886 · Cited by 246 · cited 2×
“These sources were preferred over the more customary survey methodology (e.g., Shaheen et al. 2016; Rafiq and Mitra 2020; Barbieri et al. 2021), as they provide data on otherwise-hidden social processes while being unin-trusive, more reliable, and retrospectively accessible.”
Shaheen, S., Chan, N. D., & Gaynor, T. (2016) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.01.003 · Cited by 212 · cited 13×
“…et al. 2012; Zmud and Rojo 2013), popular media (Salzman 2013) USA2 Users’ forum (Kirchner, n.d.), interview with mediator/activist [Kirchner 2018], observations at Berkeley North 6/2018, research papers (Shaheen et al. 2016), reports (Beroldo 1990, 1999; Bur-ris et al. 2012; Zmud and Rojo 2013”
InfluentialWhat encourages people to carpool? An evaluation of factors with meta-analysis
Neoh, J. G., Chipulu, M., & Marshall, A. J. (2015) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-015-9661-7 · Cited by 198 · cited 1×
“Taking a user-centric view (i.e., exploring what drives personal choice), scholars addressed users’ profiles (e.g., Shaheen et al. 2017), motivations (e.g., Neoh et al. 2017), or practices and activities performed by RS app users and their alternative styles of consumption (e.g., Guyader 2018).”
The rise and fall of the American carpool: 1970–1990
Ferguson, E. (1997) · Transportation · doi:10.1023/a:1004928012320 · Cited by 191 · cited 1×
“Though RS and SORS cases had been researched for years (e.g., Beroldo 1990; Ferguson 1997), the lack of substantial success is associated with partial understanding of the phenomenon in general, and in particular, the variety of initiatives.”
The potential of social media in delivering transport policy goals
Gal-Tzur, A., Grant-Muller, S. M., Kuflik, T., Minkov, E., Nocera, S., & Shoor, I. (2014) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.01.007 · Cited by 148 · cited 1×
“Analyzing such digital sources is gaining acceptance by multiple scholars for transportation and ridesharing exploration (e.g., Gal-Tzur et al. 2014; Li et al. 2019; Eskelinen and Venäläinen 2021).”
Amey, A., Attanucci, J., & Mishalani, R. G. (2011) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2217-13 · Cited by 116
Preferences for shared automated vehicles: A hybrid latent class modeling approach
Etzioni, S. B. Z., Daziano, R. A., Ben-Elia, E., & Shiftan, Y. (2021) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2021.103013 · Cited by 98 · cited 2×
“…vehicles (AV) to reduce car ownership, alter travel behavior towards ridesharing, and consequently improve the transportation network performance (Etzioni et al. 2021), others (e.g., Lavieri et al. 2017) predict that some user’s groups, such as older, suburban, and rural individuals, will remain…”
Self-citationWhy Do They Ride with Others? Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing Travelers to Carpool
Olsson, L. E., Maier, R., & Friman, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11082414 · Cited by 97 · cited 1×
“Thus, for example, a recent review highlights participants’ time and money considerations, yet the mode choice and the scope of participation remain only partially explained (Olsson et al. 2019).”
No one rides for free! Three styles of collaborative consumption
Guyader, H. (2018) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-11-2016-0402 · Cited by 96
Painting the fence: Social norms as economic incentives to non-automotive travel behavior
Riggs, W. (2017) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2016.11.004 · Cited by 80
Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices—A Study of BlaBlaCar
Shaheen, S., Stocker, A., & Mundler, M. (2017) · Lecture Notes in Mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51602-8_12 · Cited by 78 · cited 4×
“Taking a user-centric view (i.e., exploring what drives personal choice), scholars addressed users’ profiles (e.g., Shaheen et al. 2017), motivations (e.g., Neoh et al. 2017), or practices and activities performed by RS app users and their alternative styles of consumption (e.g., Guyader 2018).”
InfluentialMarkets for Dynamic Ridesharing?: Case of Berkeley, California
Deakin, E., Frick, K. T., & Shively, K. M. (2010) · Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2187-17 · Cited by 77 · cited 2×
“These incentives reduce monetary eversion (Deakin et al. 2010) and potential in-car strains (Zmud and Rojo 2013), and improve the utilization of resources.”
Zarabi, Z., Manaugh, K., & Lord, S. (2019) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2019.05.003 · Cited by 71 · cited 1×
“Similar triggering event that elevates willingness for mode change is noted after residential relocation (Zarabi et al. 2019).”
Klein, I., & Ben-Elia, E. (2016) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2016.09.005 · Cited by 68 · cited 2×
“2021), but also the contextual situation, similarly to our study; and (c) the cooperation driving SORS can be further investigated through Game theory and behavioral economics (Klein and Ben-Elia 2016).”
Mining Public Opinion on Transportation Systems Based on Social Media Data
Li, D., Zhang, Y., & Li, C. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11154016 · Cited by 49 · cited 1×
“Analyzing such digital sources is gaining acceptance by multiple scholars for transportation and ridesharing exploration (e.g., Gal-Tzur et al. 2014; Li et al. 2019; Eskelinen and Venäläinen 2021).”
(2010) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 45
Mohammadzadeh, M. (2021) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100294 · Cited by 44 · cited 1×
“…coexist and what contextual factors influence their relative success and acceptance; (b) as ownership may remain a pervasive issue in the AV future (Mohammadzadeh 2021), future research should address not only personal choice (e.g., Etzioni et al. 2021), but also the contextual situation,…”
The social context of informal commuting: Slugs, strangers and structuration
Mote, J. E., & Whitestone, Y. (2011) · Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2011.01.006 · Cited by 39 · cited 4×
“Similar observation was made by Mote and Whitestone (2011) for USA1.”
InfluentialHansen, E. G., Gomm, M. L., Bullinger, A. C., & Moslein, K. M. (2010) · International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1504/ijisd.2010.034559 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“While seemingly tacit, Hansen et al. (2010) had shown that such knowledge can be harvested through public engagement.”
Shen, Q., Wang, Y., & Gifford, C. (2021) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-020-10140-w · Cited by 34 · cited 3×
“…recent prosperity of sharing-economy commercially-driven RS initiatives, such as BlaBlaCar (Shaheen et al. 2017), or Scoop (Martin et al. 2020) resulted in modest and contextually dependent uptake, restricting their applicability to longer trips and high concentration of users (Shen et al. 2021).”
Self-organized ridesharing: Multiperspective annotated review
Shoshany Tavory, S., Trop, T., & Shiftan, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2018.1542758 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMating Habits of Slugs: Dynamic Carpool Formation in the I-95/I-395 Corridor of Northern Virginia
Spielberg, F., & Shapiro, P. S. (2000) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/1711-05 · Cited by 22 · cited 1×
“Although this situation is sometimes praised by participants, proud of the fact that the system exists and thrives without any official intervention (Spielberg and Shapiro 2000), it may undermine efforts to encourage RS, causing early cancelation or change of policy tools due to misperception and…”
Carpooling as an Immediate Strategy to Post-Lockdown Mobility: A Case Study in University Campuses
Tomás, R., Fernandes, P., Macedo, J., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13105512 · Cited by 21 · cited 1×
“These promising benefits are recognized even in the post pandemic era (Tomás et al. 2021) which posed an unprecedented challenge, as mobility rates had dropped for all shared-modalities, by what proved to be a major disruptive event.”
The Societal Value of Carpooling: The Environmental and Economic Value of Sharing a RidePreprint
Shaheen, S. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.7922/g2dz06gf · Cited by 21 · cited 3×
“To foster RS behavior outside the closer family and neighbors’ circle, where carpooling is common, various strategies and policy tools were designed (Shaheen et al. 2018).”
Flexible Ridesharing: New Opportunities and Service Concepts for Sustainable Mobility
Handke, V., & Jonuschat, H. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11345-1 · Cited by 21 · cited 4×
“Another tool trialed by official actors through various technological applications is the ride-matching programs (Handke and Jonuschat 2013).”
InfluentialRidesharing as a Complement to Transit
Murray, G., Chase, M., Kim, E., & McBrayer, M. (2012) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/14655 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“…commuters, requiring modest infrastructure investments, using unhar-nessed resource, and demanding little government involvement (Burris et al. 2012), different authorities had traditionally voiced conflicted attitudes towards SORS (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012).”
Rafiq, R., & Mitra, S. K. (2018) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-018-9942-z · Cited by 14
(2012) · ROSA P · Cited by 14
Eskelinen, T., & Venäläinen, J. (2021) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-11-2019-0241 · Cited by 10 · cited 4×
“Such are the 160 ridesharing Facebook groups in Finland (Eskelinen and Venäläinen 2021) which qualify as successful SORS.”
InfluentialO'Brien, J., & Dunning, A. (2014) · Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2469-04 · Cited by 8 · cited 10×
“These conflicting perceptions are reflected in policy decisions, such as anti-paid-ride laws (e.g., Brazil and Israel ban on expense-sharing RS until recently), or anti-hitchhiking laws (e.g., in USA3, CA1).”
InfluentialResearch for TRAN committee : infrastructure funding challenges in the sharing economy
(2016) · Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute) · doi:10.2861/51945 · Cited by 7 · cited 2×
“…exploration indicates that direct P2P monetary incentives in the form of expense-sharing, which have been shown elsewhere to positively influence long-distance travelling (e.g., Finger et al. 2017), are less effective for commuting range, activating mainly younger and needy crowds (e.g., BRA1/2).”
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Self-organized carpools with meeting points
Miklas-Kalczynska, M., & Kalczyński, P. (2020) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2019.1711468 · Cited by 5 · cited 2×
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Martin, E. W., Cohen, A. P., Yassine, Z., Brown, L., Shaheen, S. A., International Crane Foundation, & University of California, B. T. S. R. C. (2020) · Federal Transit Administration: Office of Research, Demonstration and Innovation · doi:10.21949/1506057 · Cited by 4 · cited 5×
“While some trials report substantial uptake, success depends on location (Martin et al. 2020), mainly for longer-distance trips and for expense-sharing schemes (Finger et al. 2017; Rafiq and Mitra 2020; Shen et al. 2021).”
InfluentialUsing Existing European Road Capacity Efficiently
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Estimating the Energy Consumption Impact of Casual Carpooling
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Sense of community: A definition and theory
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“Such emerging community of practice along with its associated Sense-of-Community (SOC) (McMillan and Chavis 1986; Blanchard and Markus 2004) are introduced by the evolutionary process of the multi-level interacting units.”
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The service quality imperative: Sustaining ridesharing adoption in the developing world
Rana, M. M., Siddiqee, M. S., & Uddin, M. A. (2025) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101289 · Cited by 5
A cultural perspective on informal ride sharing
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User-organized pre-pooled ride-hailing:exploring a new mode
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Fonseca, A., Morioka, S., Casqueira Cardoso, J., Barbosa, A. D. S., Rocha, J., & Silvestre, W. J. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18063056
Metadata
- Authors
- Shoshany-Tavory, S., Trop, T., & Shiftan, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Venue
- Transportation
- Published
- 2022-11-09
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 717-757
- ISSN
- 0049-4488 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-9435
- PMC
- PMC9644386
- OpenAlex
- W4308748031
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 0.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Transportation (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ISTRC
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation and Mobility Innovations
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Sharing Economy and Platforms
- Keywords
- cross-cultural comparison, sustainable transport, conceptual framework, policy recommendations
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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