Blue light reduces photosynthetic efficiency of cyanobacteria through an imbalance between photosystems I and II
Open accessAbstract
Several studies have described that cyanobacteria use blue light less efficiently for photosynthesis than most eukaryotic phototrophs, but comprehensive studies of this phenomenon are lacking. Here, we study the effect of blue (450 nm), orange (625 nm), and red (660 nm) light on growth of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana and other cyanobacteria containing phycocyanin or phycoerythrin. Our results demonstrate that specific growth rates of the cyanobacteria were similar in orange and red light, but much lower in blue light. Conversely, specific growth rates of the green alga C. sorokiniana were similar in blue and red light, but lower in orange light. Oxygen production rates of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were five-fold lower in blue than in orange and red light at low light intensities but approached the same saturation level in all three colors at high light intensities. Measurements of 77 K fluorescence emission demonstrated a lower ratio of photosystem I to photosystem II (PSI:PSII ratio) and relatively more phycobilisomes associated with PSII (state 1) in blue light than in orange and red light. These results support the hypothesis that blue light, which is not absorbed by phycobilisomes, creates an imbalance between the two photosystems of cyanobacteria with an energy excess at PSI and a deficiency at the PSII-side of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Our results help to explain why phycobilisome-containing cyanobacteria use blue light less efficiently than species with chlorophyll-based light-harvesting antennae such as Prochlorococcus, green algae and terrestrial plants.
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The specific growth rate and oxygen production of Synechocystis increased with increases in red light concentration up to 60% red light.
“Further, the specific growth rate and oxygen production of Synechocystis increased with increases in red light concentration up to 60% red light [74].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
In Results (‘Growth rates in blue, orange and red light’), Synechocystis growth increased as the red-light share rose, up to 65% red light, then gradually saturated—not precisely 60%. Results (‘Oxygen production is lower in blue light’) reports oxygen production at increasing intensities of separate red, orange, and blue light, but does not establish an increase in oxygen production with the red-light percentage of a mixture up to 60%. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh carbon dioxide conditions, as will be experienced on Mars, are associated with decreased PSI:PSII ratio, leading to higher utilization of blue light than in conditions with Earth atmosphere.
“High carbon dioxide conditions, as will be experienced on Mars, are also associated with decreased PSI:PSII ratio, leading to higher utilization of blue light than in conditions with Earth atmosphere.”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
The Discussion reports that cyanobacteria decrease their PSI:PSII ratio under high CO₂ and says this is indicative of increased light-energy transfer to PSII. It only suggests that blue-light photosynthetic efficiency might be lower under carbon-limiting conditions; it does not establish greater blue-light utilization than under Earth’s atmosphere or address conditions on Mars. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSynechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exhibited a five-fold decrease in productivity in blue light compared to red at low intensities, but that difference decreased when intensity was increased.
“Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exhibited a five-fold decrease in productivity in blue light compared to red at low intensities, but that difference decreased when intensity was increased [74].”
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“PCC 6803 exhibited a five-fold decrease in productivity in blue light compared to red at low intensities, but that difference decreased when intensity was increased [74].”
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- Authors
- Luimstra, V. M., Schuurmans, J. M., Verschoor, A. M., Hellingwerf, K. J., Huisman, J., & Matthijs, H. C. P.
- Affiliations
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- KWR Water Research Institute (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Huisman, Jef
- Venue
- Photosynthesis Research
- Published
- 2018-07-19
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 177-189
- ISSN
- 0166-8595 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-5079
- PMC
- PMC6208612
- OpenAlex
- W2883951478
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 5.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Photosynthesis Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Keywords
- blue light, cyanobacteria, phycobilisomes, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Chlorella sorokiniana, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, photosynthetic electron transport, oxygen production, specific growth rate, light quality, 77 K fluorescence, Prochlorococcus
- MeSH terms
- Chlorella, Light, Oxygen, Photosynthesis, Phycocyanin, Phycoerythrin, Pigments, Biological, Photosystem I Protein Complex, Photosystem II Protein Complex, Synechocystis
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