Retracted articles on stem cells are continuously cited in publications and used by ChatGPT
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Retracted journal articles can enjoy an active afterlife, including ongoing scholarly citations, uncritical engagement from public organizations and private businesses, and inclusion in generative artificial intelligence outputs such as ChatGPT.
“Retracted journal articles can enjoy an active afterlife—including ongoing scholarly citations, uncritical engagement from public organizations and private businesses, and, increasingly, inclusion in generative artificial intelligence outputs such as ChatGPT.9”
From Why retracted articles can have an influential afterlife—and what to do about it (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Generative AI chatbots may use and surface references to scientific research without disclosing their retracted status, including references to Riordan et al. and Patil et al.
“While these chatbots can be trained to identify and warn users about retracted articles, they may also use and surface references to scientific research without disclosing their retracted status.9,30,31 This includes references to Riordan et al. and Patil et al. without disclosing that they have been retracted (see Figures 1-3).”
From Why retracted articles can have an influential afterlife—and what to do about it (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow
Jiang, Y., Jahagirdar, B., Reinhardt, R. L., Schwartz, R. E., Keene, C. D., Ortiz-Gonzalez, X. R., Reyes, M., Lenvik, T. R., Lund, T. C., Blackstad, M., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00870 · Cited by 5,523 · see citing works
RetractedMisconduct accounts for the majority of retracted scientific publications
Fang, F. C., Steen, R. G., & Casadevall, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1212247109 · Cited by 1,232 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The field has experienced several high-profile retractions that have significantly influenced scientific trajectories (Fang et al., 2012).”
Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists
Else, H. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00056-7 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Post retraction citations in context: a case study
Bar-Ilan, J., & Halevi, G. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2242-0 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Localized Knowledge Spillovers and Patent Citations: A Distance-Based Approach
Murata, Y., Nakajima, R., Okamoto, R., & Tamura, R. (2013) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00422 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Empirical developments in retraction
Redman, B. K., Yarandi, H. N., & Merz, J. F. (2008) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2007.023069 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The (lack of) Impact of Retraction on Citation Networks
Madlock-Brown, C. R., & Eichmann, D. (2015) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-014-9532-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Schneider, J., Ye, D., Hill, A. M., & Whitehorn, A. S. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03631-1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Analysis of Citations to Biomedical Articles Affected by Scientific Misconduct
Neale, A. V., Dailey, R. K., & Abrams, J. (2010) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-009-9151-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Efficiency of “Publish or Perish” Policy—Some Considerations Based on the Uzbekistan Experience
Eshchanov, B. R., Abduraimov, K., Ibragimova, M., & Eshchanov, R. A. (2021) · Publications · doi:10.3390/publications9030033 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Investigation of the Effects of Publication Retraction on Scholarly Impact
Shuai, X., Rollins, J., Moulinier, I., Custis, T., Edmunds, M., & Schilder, F. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23826 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mott, A., Fairhurst, C., & Torgerson, D. (2019) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/1355819618797965 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Coping with methods for delineating emerging fields: Nanoscience and nanotechnology as a case study
Muñoz-Écija, T., Vargas‐Quesada, B., & Chinchilla‐Rodríguez, Z. (2019) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2019.100976 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Why do some retracted articles continue to get cited?
Schmidt, M. A. (2024) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-024-05147-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Probing Language Models for Pre-training Data Detection
Liu, Z., Zhu, T., Tan, C., Liu, B., Lu, H., & Chen, W. (2024) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.86 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why retracted articles can have an influential afterlife—and what to do about it
Snyder, J., & Turner, L. (2026) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1093/stcltm/szag080
- Authors
- Zhang, X., Gu, T., Loganathan, S., Xie, Y., & Chen, J.
- Affiliations
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Jinghong
- Venue
- Scientometrics
- Published
- 2025-11
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 6503-6511
- ISSN
- 0138-9130 (ISSN-L)
- 1588-2861
- OpenAlex
- W4416129365
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Scientometrics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82473748)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Keywords
- retracted article, stem cell research, ChatGPT, large language models, training data contamination, citation patterns, research integrity, question answering
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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