How much are LLMs changing the language of academic papers after ChatGPT? A multi-database and full text analysis

Kousha, Kayvan; Thelwall, Mike

doi:10.1007/s11192-026-05601-5

How much are LLMs changing the language of academic papers after ChatGPT? A multi-database and full text analysis

This study investigates how Large Language Models (LLMs) are influencing the language of academic papers by tracking 12 LLM-associated terms across six major scholarly databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Dimensions, and OpenAlex) from 2015 to 2024. Using over 2.4 mill…