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Mechanisms and the Evidence Hierarchy
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“Russo and Williamson (2007) and Clarke et al. (2014) have revived the arguments of Bradford Hill (1965) and Mackie (1974) to show how this can be done.”
From Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review (2021) · cites this paper as Clarke et al. (2014)
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“In variance-based approaches, the methodological gold standard is an actual experiment (randomized controlled trial, or RCT), which if properly designed, enables strong causal inferences about the mean causal effect of a given treatment variable within the studied sample (Gerring, 2011; Clarke et al, 2014).”
From Multi-Method Research in the Social Sciences: A Review of Recent Frameworks and a Way Forward (2020) · cites this paper as Clarke et al, 2014
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“Evidence of (causal) correlation between a PD intervention and pupil outcomes provides evidence that an intervention as a whole is effective.”
From Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review (2021) · cites this paper as Clarke et al., 2014
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“Clarke et al. (2014, p. 19) argue that these two types of evidence”
From Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review (2021) · cites this paper as Clarke et al. (2014)
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“The second key challenge is the problem of 'masking' (Steel, 2008: 68; Clarke et al 2014). Masking means that a given cause might be linked to the same outcome through multiple mechanisms that can have different effects on the outcome.”
From Multi-Method Research in the Social Sciences: A Review of Recent Frameworks and a Way Forward (2020) · cites this paper as Clarke et al 2014
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Metadata
- Authors
- Clarke, B., Gillies, D., Illari, P., Russo, F., & Williamson, J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Kent (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Illari, Phyllis
- Venue
- Topoi
- Published
- 2013-12-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 339-360
- ISSN
- 0167-7411 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8749
- OpenAlex
- W1965394391
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 70.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Topoi (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Cambridge
- University of Oxford
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Vlaamse regering
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/J011185/1)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- evidence hierarchy, evidence-based medicine, causal claims, causal inference
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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