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Hot spots policing and crime reduction: an update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis

Braga, Anthony A., Turchan, Brandon S., Papachristos, Andrew V., Hureau, David M.·2019·Journal of Experimental Criminology

DOI 10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3

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Carter, J. G., Mohler, G., Raje, R., Chowdhury, N., & Pandey, S. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101814 · Cited by 14
“In their updated meta-analysis of hot spots policing effectiveness across 65 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, Braga and colleagues [5] concluded there was robust evidence in support of this strategy to reduce crime with minimal spatial displacement and observed diffusion of benefits to contiguous areas.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Future of the Criminology of Place
Weisburd, D. L., Ariel, B., Braga, A. A., Eck, J. E., Gill, C. E., Groff, E. R., Uding, C. V., & Zaatut, A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009590952 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Calibrating Police Activity Across Hot Spot and Non-Hot Spot Areas
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“Studies demonstrate that police presence and activities in targeted hot spots usually do not displace crime to areas very nearby (Bowers et al., 2011; Braga et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Weather and Crime—Cautious evidence from South Africa
Ankel-Peters, J., Bruederle, A., & Roberts, G. (2022) · Q Open · doi:10.1093/qopen/qoac033 · Cited by 7
Can the police cool down quality-of-life hotspots? A double-blind national randomized control trial of policing low-harm hotspots
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Changing levels of local crime and mental health: a natural experiment using self-reported and service use data in Scotland
Baranyi, G., Cherrie, M. P. C., Curtis, S. E., Dibben, C. J. L., & Pearce, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-213837 · Cited by 11
“Crime reduction through neighbourhood interventions 35 and spatially targeted policing 36 may be beneficial for population mental health, particularly for young adults.”
Can police use of less-than-lethal weapons reduce harm during violent police-citizen encounters? A systematic review and directions for future research
Sheppard, K. G., & Welsh, B. C. (2022) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101748 · Cited by 11
Agent-Based Modeling in Criminology
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Exploring Violent and Property Crime Geographically
Doyle, M. C., Gerell, M., & Andershed, H. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing · doi:10.18261/issn.2703-7045-2021-01-02 · Cited by 10
Community perspectives on gun violence and safety: The role of policing in Baltimore City
Crifasi, C., Williams, R., Booty, M., Owens-Young, J., Webster, D. W., & Buggs, S. A. L. (2022) · Journal of criminal justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101964 · Cited by 10
Unpacking the police patrol shift: observations and complications of “electronically” riding along with police
Simpson, R., & Bell, N. (2022) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-022-00178-9 · Cited by 10
“For example, hot spot policing, of which has been the subject of enormous scholarly attention (Braga et al., 2019), most often involves patrol officers spending time patrolling high crime areas referred to as “hot spots.””
Background
A pluralistic approach to the definition, classification, and explanation of gangs
Wegerhoff, D., Ward, T. J., & Dixon, L. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101546 · Cited by 10
Data-informed crime prevention at convenience stores in Atlantic City
Kennedy, L., Caplan, J. M., & Drawve, G. (2021) · Police Practice & Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2021.1917399 · Cited by 9
“’s (2019) meta-analysis of 65 studies, they found hot spot policing to be a robust approach for significantly reducing crime without immediate spatial displacement (Braga et al., 2019).”
Background
Law Enforcement and Disruption of Offline and Online Activities: A Review of Contemporary Challenges
Faubert, C., Décary-Hêtu, D., Malm, A. E., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Dupont, B. (2021) · Crime and justice in digital society · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60527-8_19 · Cited by 10
Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas
Wheeler, A. P., & Reuter, S. (2020) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611120957948 · Cited by 10
“Work that identified that crime clusters at small locations, such as specific addresses (Sherman et al., 1989), or street segments (Weisburd et al., 2004) was likely the innovation that spurred subsequent work on hot spots policing (Braga et al., 2019; Lum et al., 2011).”
Background
Finding a Suitable Object for Intervention: On Community-Based Violence Prevention in Sweden
Alstam, K., & Forkby, T. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12030075 · Cited by 9
“A substantial part of the crime prevention literature has been concerned with place-based prevention and hot-spots policing, showing generally small or moderate positive effects (e.g., [31–35]).”
Background
City government as super-controller: A systematic review of non-police mechanisms that city governments can apply to reduce crime at hot spots
Shader, C. G., Gill, C. E., Zheng, X., & Carleton, B. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101957 · Cited by 11
Exploring market-based wildlife trade dynamics in Bangladesh
Uddin, N., Islam, A., Akhter, T., Ara, T., Hossain, D., Fullstone, C., Enoch, S., & Hughes, A. C. (2022) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605322001077 · Cited by 9
The spatial (in)stability of mental health calls for police service
Koziarski, J. (2022) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12612 · Cited by 9
Building “A Beautiful Safe Place for Youth” through problem‐oriented community organizing: A quasi‐experimental evaluation
Gill, C. E., Weisburd, D. L., Nazaire, D., Prince, H., & Shader, C. G. (2024) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12657 · Cited by 9
“However, although many proactive place-based policing efforts are effective at reducing crime (Braga et al., 2019; Weis-burd & Majmundar, 2018; Weisburd & Telep, 2010), they often fail to center the experiences and expertise of those most affected by crime at place—local community members.”
The Influence, Saliency, and Consistency of Environmental Crime Predictors: A Probability Score Matching Approach to Test What Makes a Hot Spot Hot
Connealy, N. T. (2022) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2022.2106292 · Cited by 9
“The small minority of places where crime concentrates have been termed “hot spots” (Block & Block, 1995) and have been the focal point of research (Braga et al., 2019), crime reduction strategies (Haberman & Stiver, 2019; Piza & O’Hara, 2014), and experimental interventions (Braga & Bond, 2008).”
Background
‘Top 10’ policing as an alternative place-based strategy: responding to the overcomplication and underestimation of the law of crime concentration
Connealy, N. T., & Hart, T. C. (2023) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2023.2183202 · Cited by 10
“Meta-analyses have also found that hot spots policing is effective in reducing crime relative to control locations (Braga et al., 2019), that the positive impact of hot spots policing on crime reduction may be even more salient than prior conservative estimates (Braga & Weisburd, 2020), and that…”
Background
Reinvestigating the relationship between cities and the spatial distribution of robbery: A tale of eight cities
Spencer, M. D., & Schnell, C. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.102003 · Cited by 8
Exploring the Association between Levels of Police Presence, Contact, and Perceptions of Police Legitimacy
Bolaji, Q., & Metcalfe, C. F. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287231226188 · Cited by 9
“…prevention, with some researchers advocating for the reallocation of corrections resources to increasing police prevention techniques and concentrating police efforts in high crime areas (A. Braga et al., 2012; A. A. Braga et al., 2019; Lum & Nagin, 2017; Nagin et al., 2015; X. Wu et al., 2021).”
Tidying up a few misconceptions around evidence-based policing: Reply to Staller and Koerner (2021)
Koziarski, J., & Huey, L. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2021.1949620 · Cited by 8
The effects of community-infused problem-oriented policing in crime hot spots based on police data: a randomized controlled trial
Taylor, B. G., Liu, W., Maitra, P., Koper, C. S., Sheridan-Johnson, J., & Johnson, W. D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-022-09541-x · Cited by 10
“Similar results were seen in Braga’s updated review, which identified 62 eligible hot spot policing intervention evaluations, 35 of them RCTs (Braga et al., 2019).”
Influential
How Concentrated Are Police on Crime? a Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Concentration of Police Presence and Crime
Dau, P. M., Dewinter, M., Witlox, F., Beken, T. V., & Vandeviver, C. (2022) · Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing · doi:10.1007/s41887-022-00079-6 · Cited by 8
“More important, over 80 experiments have found that focused police action can effectively reduce reported crime at targeted locations, usually with little displacement to surrounding areas (see Ariel et al., 2019; Braga et al., 2019a, b; Hutt, 2020).”
Background
The Substitutability and Complementarity of Private Security with Public Police: The Case of Violence Against Women and Girls in the Rail Network of the United Kingdom
Ariel, B. (2023) · Competitive government · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42406-9_9 · Cited by 9

Authors: Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Northwestern University (US)
State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Braga, Anthony A.
ORCID: Braga, Anthony A.
Turchan, Brandon S.
Papachristos, Andrew V.
Hureau, David M.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Criminology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-08-29
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-311
ISSN: 1572-8315 (ISSN-L)
1573-3750
DOI: 10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3
OpenAlex: W2970239616
Semantic Scholar: e99b189ece48588894e9dce1f8dddb1f16b3fc55
Cited by: 352
References: 119
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 7.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Journal of Experimental Criminology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
Keywords: hot spot policing, crime prevention, crime reduction, crime displacement, crime prevention effectiveness

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