The Indianapolis harmspot policing experiment
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Qualitative analyses of crime hot spots based on specific criteria or journey-after-crime analyses, as well as quantitative methods such as the Local Moran's I statistic or point-pattern analyses, were commonly employed in the included studies.
“Qualitative analyses of crime hot spots based on specific criteria or journey-after-crime analyses, as well as quantitative methods such as the Local Moran's I statistic or point-pattern analyses, were commonly employed (spatial and temporal analysis of crime or STAC) (Carter et al., 2021;Gerell, 2016;Lum et al., 2011;Mazeika, 2014).”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Carter et al., 2021
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn some included studies, prospective hot spot methods such as kernel density estimation (KDE) and risk terrain modeling (RTM) were used to analyze and map crime concentrations.
“In some studies, prospective hot spot methods such as kernel density estimation (KDE) and risk terrain modeling (RTM) were used to analyze and map crime concentrations (Carter et al., 2021;Gerell, 2016;Lum et al., 2011;Mazeika, 2014).”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Carter et al., 2021
Most included studies focused on establishing crime reduction effects, whereas only one explicitly focused on measuring and reducing social harm in so-called social harm spots.
“Appendix 1 clearly shows that most of the studies focused on establishing crime reduction effects, whereas only one explicitly focused on measuring and reducing social harm in so-called social harm spots (Carter et al., 2021).”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Carter et al., 2021
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Cites
The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse and dependence in the United States, 2013
Florence, C. S., Zhou, C., Luo, F., & Xu, L. (2016) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000625 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
Randomized Controlled Field Trials of Predictive Policing
Mohler, G. O., Short, M. B., Malinowski, S., Johnson, M., Tita, G. E., Bertozzi, A. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (2015) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2015.1077710 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationHot spots policing and crime reduction: an update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3 · Cited by 352 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In their updated meta-analysis of hot spots policing effectiveness across 65 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, Braga and colleagues [5] concluded there was robust evidence in support of this strategy to reduce crime with minimal spatial displacement and observed diffusion of benefits to contiguous areas.”
BackgroundInfluentialProactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities
Committee on Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime, C., Committee on Law and Justice, Education, D. O. B. A. S. S. A., & National Academies of Sciences, E. (2018) · doi:10.17226/24928 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
<i>Critic</i> The limits of hot spots policing
Rosenbaum, D. P. (2006) · Police Innovation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489334.013 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Fontanella, C. A., Saman, D. M., Campo, J. V., Hiance-Steelesmith, D. L., Bridge, J. A., Sweeney, H. A., & Root, E. D. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.033 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Philadelphia predictive policing experiment
Ratcliffe, J. H., Taylor, R. B., Askey, A. P., Thomas, K., Grasso, J., Bethel, K. J., Fisher, R., & Koehnlein, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09400-2 · Cited by 74 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, in their recent evaluation of Philadelphia’s predictive policing program, Ratcliffe and colleagues [57] also observed surprising effects related to violent crime in treatment areas as such events increased during their trial.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Hot Spots Policing on Collective Efficacy: Findings from a Randomized Field Trial
Rinehart Kochel, T., & Weisburd, D. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2018.1465579 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lin, C.-Y., Hsu, C.-Y., Gunnell, D., Chen, Y.-Y., & Chang, S.-S. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Taylor, R. B., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12514 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing
Khalfa, R., & Hardyns, W. (2024) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x231204588 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Carter, J. G., Mohler, G., Raje, R., Chowdhury, N., & Pandey, S.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carter, Jeremy G.
- Venue
- Journal of Criminal Justice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 101814
- ISSN
- 0047-2352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3159130927
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Criminal Justice (publishedVersion)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation Division of Mathematical Sciences
- National Science Foundation Division of Computer and Network Systems
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- place-based policing, crime hotspots, proactive policing, social harm, substance abuse, mental health, arrest rates, use of force, racial and ethnic disparities, data-driven policing, community perceptions
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