The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 26 of the 60 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements
Open accessAbstract
The paper argues that informal settlements are the least prepared for health crises because basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure housing are already in short supply or non-existent.
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Claims the paper makes
13 Partly supported · 8 No full text of the sources · 7 Sources not found · 7 Own interpretation · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) describes poor-quality water and inadequate sanitation in slums, and Security of tenure (p. 9) says residents of most slums lack title or secure tenure. The paper recommends improving drainage and garbage removal (Health and public services, p. 17), but the passages do not establish that drainage and waste collection are scarce or absent, or directly characterize housing as inadequate. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page not provided) describes slums as having inadequate access to safe water, sanitation and other infrastructure, poor-quality housing, and insecure residential status. This supports the general claim of scarce basic services and adequate housing, but the paper does not specifically identify toilets, sewers, drainage, or waste collection as scarce or absent. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section reports an acute lack of basic amenities in two Nairobi slum settlements, including limited piped water and private toilets and inadequate garbage disposal (page not provided). The paper also describes makeshift housing, but does not establish a shortage of sewers or drainage, assess housing security, or document these conditions across informal settlements throughout the Global South. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many urban informal settlement residents rely on informal health providers as their first entry into the health care system, either due to cost, trust, or access issues [50].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Adams AM, et al. Who serves the urban poor? A geospatial and descriptive analysis of health services in slum settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(1):i32–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu094. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion describes the informal private sector as a first point of care for poor people in Bangladesh and documents its density in Dhaka slums. It identifies low costs, flexible payment, familiarity, and convenient access as reasons for its use, but does not explicitly identify trust as a reason. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Malnutrition and food insecurity is endemic in many urban slums throughout the world [65–68].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] Joshi A, Arora A, Amadi-Mgbenka C, Mittal N, Sharma S, Malhotra B, et al. Burden of household food insecurity in urban slum settings. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0214461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214461. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes a food and nutrition emergency in urban India, and the Abstract reports food insecurity among 43% of participants sampled from Indian slums. The paper does not establish that malnutrition and food insecurity are endemic across urban slums throughout the world; its study is limited to India and does not report a direct malnutrition measure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [66] Kimani-Murage EW, Muthuri SK, Oti SO, Mutua MK, van de Vijver S, Kyobutungi C. Evidence of a double burden of malnutrition in urban poor settings in Nairobi., Kenya. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0129943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129943. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes high food insecurity in urban poor settings in sub-Saharan Africa and says these conditions put slum dwellers at high risk of malnutrition. The Discussion reports high levels of undernutrition in the Nairobi slums studied. The paper does not establish that both conditions are endemic in many urban slums throughout the world; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Agarwal S, Sethi V, Gupta P, Jha M, Agnihotri A, Nord M. Experiential household food insecurity in an urban underserved slum of North India. Food Sec. 2009;1(3):239–50. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Hadley C, Stevenson EG, Tadesse Y, Belachew T. Rapidly rising food prices and the experience of food insecurity in urban Ethiopia: impacts on health and well-being. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2412–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion of slum populations in “Identifying and studying slums as spatial entities” (pp. 18–19) does not give a worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion,” “880 million,” “billion,” and “million” found no passage in our copy stating the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. source
The Background section states that nearly 1 billion people were estimated to live in slums. It also describes slums as human settlements, supporting the claim’s reference to urban slums or informal settlements. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Could not verifycites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section describes shortages of water, toilets, and waste disposal in the two Nairobi settlements, but gives no worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion” and global slum-population estimates found no passage supporting the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) links poor water quality and inadequate sanitation in slums to high rates of diarrhoea, and the Conclusion (p. 23) says densely packed slum neighbourhoods are likely to amplify health hazards. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to that infection specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background estimates that nearly 1 billion people live in slums and describes inadequate water, sanitation, housing and overcrowding as defining characteristics. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section documents shortages of piped water and private toilets, as well as inadequate waste disposal, in two Nairobi slum settlements. It does not assess susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, and its findings about those settlements do not establish the claim for slum residents generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums and tenements make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely [8] [9] [10] [11].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Snyder RE, et al. Zika: A scourge in urban slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(3):e0005287. Published 2017 Mar 23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005287. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text (page unavailable) describes severe crowding in slums and says it facilitates the spread of mosquito-borne Zika. It does not discuss violence or say that space constraints and overcrowding make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Snyder RE, Marlow MA, Riley LW. Ebola in urban slums: the elephant in the room. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(12):e685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70339-0. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s main text describes overcrowding in slums as a condition conducive to Ebola spread and says inadequate government-enforced quarantine contributed to spread in West Point; no page number is available in our copy. It does not say that violence or space constraints make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical, and it does not discuss tenements. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [10] Key considerations: COVID-19 in informal urban settlements. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15185/SSHAP_COVID-19_Key_Considerations_Informal_Settlements_final.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Accessed 28 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Community-based slum mapping exercises have regularly shown that few urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, meet the minimal standards for water access, toilets per person, sewers, and drainage per household [58, 59].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [58] Corburn J, Hildebrand C. Slum sanitation and the social determinants of Women’s health in Nairobi. Kenya. J Environ Public Health. 2015;2015:209505. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/209505. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methodology describes community-led mapping in Mathare, Nairobi, and the Results report unreliable water access, heavily shared toilets, and wastewater draining into streets. The paper supports the claim for this one settlement, but does not establish that mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or assess minimum standards for sewers and drainage per household. No page numbers were provided for the passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [59] Subbaraman R, O'Brien J, Shitole T, Shitole S, Sawant K, Bloom DE, et al. Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India. Environ Urban. 2012 Oct;24(2):643-663. PMCID: PMC3565225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247812456356 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section V (page unavailable) documents inadequate water access, too few functioning toilets, and no sewer infrastructure in Kaula Bandar, a slum in Mumbai. It does not establish that community-based mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or address drainage per household. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Those already living on the streets and in slums likely have a legitimate mistrust and fear of government and outsiders claiming to help, since these institutions can be perceived as oppressive and interested in stymying political opposition [23, 24].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] Rashid SF. Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27:574–86. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on eviction and housing policy describe government evictions of slum residents and the government's disregard of their protests, supporting a basis for fear of government. The paper does not report mistrust of outsiders claiming to help, an interest in suppressing political opposition, or findings about people living on the streets. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Sholihah PI, Shaojun C. Impoverishment of induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) slum eviction development in Jakarta Indonesia. Int Urban Sustain Dev. 2018;10(3):263–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2018.1534737. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
In the paper
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak in the slums of Monrovia, Liberia, was that mistrust between the poor and medical and public health professionals contributed to misinformation and treatment delays; less appreciated was that slum residents had innovative ideas about how to improve hygiene and well-being [22].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Mukpo, A. 2017. Liberia after Ebola: ‘The human suffering changed me.’ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/liberia-ebola-human-suffering-changed-170618094629264.html. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak [84] in 2014 was that quarantines, which were used as a response measure in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, resulted in large waste disposal burdens that put an even greater strain on the health of residents of informal settlements.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84] Campbell L. Learning from the Ebola response in cities: population movement: ALNAP Working Paper. ALNAP/ODI; 2017. https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/alnap-urban-2017-ebola-population-movement.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“We also recognize that urban slums are the sources of substantial economic activity in cities and countries, such as through micro-enterprises and informal labor [19, 20], and any response to COVID-19 should balance economic well-being and epidemic mitigation.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Ellis P, Roberts M. Leveraging urbanization in South Asia: managing spatial transformation for prosperity and livability. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2016. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Fox S. Political economy of slums: theory and evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. World Dev. 2014;54:191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.08.005. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“All proposed interventions must uphold human rights laws, since the urban poor frequently experience violations of their rights [86].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86] Chandran, R. Forced evictions illegal, slum dwellers have right to City: Delhi court. Reuters. 20 March 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-landrights-court/forced-evictions-illegal-slum-dwellers-have-right-to-city-delhi-court-idUSKCN1R10V8. Accesssed 18 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Forced evictions, sometimes in the name of hygiene and dispersing dense slum populations to avoid communicable disease spread, have regularly contributed to greater spread of disease among both the displaced populations and the general population [38, 39].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Osorio L, Todd J, Bradley DJ. Travel histories as risk factors in the analysis of urban malaria in Colombia. Am J Ttrop Med Hyg. 2004;71(4):380. source
- Not matchedcites [39] NAS. Urbanization and slums: infectious diseases in the built environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2018. 3, Understanding Infectious Disease Transmission in Urban Built Environments. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507339/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Those living in urban informal settlements often rely on robust social connections to survive, such as to identify day labor, to get food using credit from a street vendor, or to find trustworthy child care providers, just to name a few [ 21].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] https://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang%2D%2Den/index.htm. Accessed 29 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any responses to COVID-19 that do not recognize these realities will further jeopardize the survival of large segments of the urban population globally.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Any responses to COVID-19 that do not recognize these realities will further jeopardize the survival of large segments of the urban population globally.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many residents of urban slums are regularly traveling, as they seek work, food, services, and connect back to their families in rural villages and towns [42, 43].”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Traveling between urban and rural settings is common for urban informal settlement residents, and any COVID-19 control strategies must understand these linkages to prevent urban-rural transmission.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42] Glennie, J. Want to know what to do about slum dwellers? Try listening to them. UK Guardian, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/aug/23/what-to-do-about-slum-dwellers. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Mberu, B. U., A. C. Ezeh, et al. (2012). “Family ties and urban-rural linkages among older migrants in Nairobi informal settlements.” Population, Space and Place. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1711. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak in the slums of Monrovia, Liberia, was that mistrust between the poor and medical and public health professionals contributed to misinformation and treatment delays; less appreciated was that slum residents had innovative ideas about how to improve hygiene and well-being [22].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Mukpo, A. 2017. Liberia after Ebola: ‘The human suffering changed me.’ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/liberia-ebola-human-suffering-changed-170618094629264.html. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“There are existing models of intra-slum settlement, inter-city, and global networks of mobilized slum dwellers that can coordinate COVID-19 response teams, such as those developed by Shack Dwellers International (SDI) [25].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Patel S, Burra S, D'Cruz C. Shack/slum dwellers international (SDI) – foundations to treetops. Environ Urban. 2001;13(2):45–59. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We prefer reaching standards for non-emergency situations, but know that in the short term, very few slums will be able to meet the WHO recommendations of 50 l per person per day of potable water.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When refuse is removed, it is often landfilled near other informal settlements, shifting the waste and related disease burdens to another group of urban informal settlements [80].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80] Kimani N.G. Environmental pollution and impact to public health: Implication of the Dandora Municipal dumping site in Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi:UNEP; 2007. https://www.habitants.orgx/content/download/63622/744639/version/1/file/Report+UNEP+Dandora+Environmental+Pollution+and+Impact+to+Public+Health+(2007).pdf. Accessed 2 April 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Informal providers and community health workers may have the trust with local residents to also be able to identify those slum dwellers at higher risk for COVID-19, such as those with HIV, TB, and COPD [51].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] van de Vijver S, Oti S, Oduor C, Ezeh A, Lange J, Agyemang C, et al. Challenges of health programmes in slums. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2114–6. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Urban slums largely lack municipal waste collection [77] so residents, youth groups, and/or organized cartels often fill the void [78]. [79]”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [77] Mukama, T. et al. Practices, concerns, and willingness to participate in solid waste management in two urban slums in Central Uganda. J Env and Public Health (n.d.) https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6830163 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background reports that municipal waste collection has low coverage in Ugandan slums. The Results (§3.2) show residents disposing of household waste themselves, but the paper does not describe youth groups or organized cartels filling the collection gap, or establish that this pattern applies to urban slums generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [78] UN. Turning waste into a business in the slums of Yaoundé, Cameroon. 2019 https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043541
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites [79] Schueler, Adriana Soares de, Kzure, Humberto, Racca, Gustavo Badolati. How are municipal waste in the slums of Rio de Janeiro?. urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana [online]. 2018, vol.10, n.1, pp. 213-230. ISSN 2175-3369. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.010.001.ao15 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says irregular dumping remains common even with regular collection, and “Sobre o Grupamento 2” reports door-to-door truck collection three times a week. The paper describes access difficulties and recommends some resident involvement, but it does not say that slums largely lack municipal collection or that youth groups or cartels routinely replace it. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Sharing of water access points forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, both of which adversely impact health and economic status [ 60, 61].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [60] Hopewell MR, Graham JP. Trends in access to water supply and sanitation in 31 major sub-Saharan African cities: an analysis of DHS data from 2000 to 2012. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-208. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Difficulties of measuring and defining access; page unavailable) says households may share a standpipe with dozens of others. The Results (Time spent collecting drinking water; page unavailable) suggest that some households travel farther or wait longer in line to obtain water. The paper does not establish that sharing forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, or that this time adversely affects their health and economic status. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Could not verifycites [61] Simiyu S, Swilling M, Cairncross S, Rheingans R. Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements: case study of Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-4009-6. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Results passages concern the management and cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities, not shared water access points. Searches for water queues, time spent collecting water, and effects on health or economic status found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food, and street food vending is often a significant source of calories and nutrition [69, 70].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [69] Steyn N, Mchiza Z, et al. Nutritional contribution of street foods to the diet of people in developing countries: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2013;17:1363–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001158. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Energy and nutrient intakes section says street foods make a significant contribution to dietary energy and reports their contribution to some micronutrients. The Advantages of the street food trade section links street-food consumption to employment and income, but our copy does not say that urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food. Page numbers were not provided in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Galal O, Corroon M, Tirado C. Urban environment and health: food security. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2010;22(3 Suppl):254S–61S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510372993. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Indoor air pollution from cooking [72, 73] can contribute to respiratory infections, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in urban slums [74].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Kulshreshtha P, Khare M, Seetharaman P. Indoor air quality assessment in and around urban slums of Delhi city, India. Indoor Air. 2008 Dec;18(6):488–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00550.x. source
- Supportedcites [73] Dianati K, et al. Household air pollution in Nairobi’s slums: a long-term policy evaluation using participatory system dynamics. Sci Total Environ. 2019;660:1108–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotxenv.2018.12.430. source
The citation attached to this source is placed after “Indoor air pollution from cooking.” The Introduction (page not provided) says households in Nairobi’s slums cook with kerosene, charcoal, or wood and that these fuels generate indoor air pollution. The respiratory-infection and morbidity clause carries a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites [74] Checkley W, Pollard SL, Siddharthan T, Babu GR, Thakur M, Miele CH, et al. Managing threats to respiratory health in urban slums. Lancet. 2016;4(11):852–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Schools often provide essential nutrition and meals for children living in slums, and closing those institutions may deny children access to their only consistent meals [71].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [71] Srivastava A, Mahmood SE, Srivastava PM, Shrotriya VP, Kumar B. Nutritional status of school-age children - a scenario of urban slums in India. Arch Public Health. 2012;70:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/0778-7367-70-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions section, under “Deliver integrated programs” (page not available), says schools can help reduce nutrition-related problems through school health programs. It does not say that schools provide meals to slum children or that closures could deprive them of their only consistent meals. (LLM, conf=0.81)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Displacing residents of urban slums can not only contribute to transmission and acquisition of infections but can have long-term physical and mental health impacts, especially for women and children [40, 41].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [40] Kim G, Torbay R, Lawry L. Basic health, women’s health, and mental health among internally displaced persons in Nyala Province, South Darfur, Sudan. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(2):353–61. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Basic Needs and Mental Health; page unavailable) links conditions in displaced-person camps to communicable-disease risk and says displacement may contribute to mental-health burdens. The Results (Morbidity; page unavailable) report illness among children, and the Discussion describes unmet women’s health needs. But the study concerns conflict-displaced people in South Darfur camps, not residents displaced from urban slums, and it does not establish long-term impacts. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Choueiry N, Khawaja M. Displacement and health status in low income women: findings from a population-based study in greater Beirut. J Migr Refug Issues. 2007;3(1):1–13.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, governments have already begun to impose draconian quarantine and physical distancing measures for the urban poor without also ensuring that those residing in urban slums can meet their everyday needs, such as food and clean water [14].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Kimani-Murage EW, Schofield L, Wekesah F, Mohamed S, Mberu B, Ettarh R, et al. Vulnerability to food insecurity in urban slums: experiences from Nairobi, Kenya. J Urban Health. 2014;91:1098–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9894-3. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page unavailable) describes inadequate water infrastructure in slums, and the Discussion (page unavailable) reports widespread food insecurity, especially during crises. The paper does not report governments imposing quarantine or physical-distancing measures, or assess whether they ensured access to food and clean water while doing so. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Displacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility of infection [35–37].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Deola C, Patel RB. Health outcomes of crisis driven urban displacement: a conceptual framework. Disaster Health. 2014;2(2):92–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/21665044.2014.990306. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2012;10(1):95–104. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.155. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Puertas G, Ríos C, Valle H. The prevalence of common mental disorders in urban slums with displaced persons in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2006;20(5):324–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892006001000005. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lack of these basic services can contribute to increased violence and further spread of disease [62].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S. Violence, gender and WaSH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic. Environ Urban. 2015;27:105–16. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The toll it will take on lives and livelihoods will have immediate and long-lasting effects.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Solid waste recycling can also be an income-generating activity for some slum dwellers [ 81].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Buyana K, Byarugaba D, Sseviiri H, Nsangi G, Kasaija P. Experimentation in an African neighborhood: reflections for transitions to sustainable energy in cities. Urban Forum. 2019;30:191–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-018-9358-z. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, investing in the health and well-being of the urban poor and residents of slums first will ultimately prevent disease reservoirs that would eventually spillover into the general population.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“WHO estimates 7 million people die every year from ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution, with nearly 90% of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries [75].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75] WHO. 2020. Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
The paper relies on this without support.
All slums the authors know about and work with have assets that can be used to share information, prevent exposure, and support well-being.
“Fourth, all slums we know about and work with have assets, even among the widespread deprivation, that can be utilized to share information, prevent exposure, and support over-all well-being.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When clinics exist in urban slums, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.
“Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.
“As noted above, informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most common ailments in urban slums tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.
“The mobile units should also be prepared to treat the most common ailments in urban slums, which tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In Latin America, it is estimated that between 20–30% of the region’s population – approximately 113 million people – lives in an urban informal settlement, which have been identified as being at elevated risk to COVID-19 due to poverty, violence, and overcrowding [7, 23].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although urban areas are generally wealthier than rural areas, wide disparities in socioeconomic status (SES) and segregation into wealthy and poor sub-city units mean that cities contain a microcosm of social gradients – and inequities in health – present in the rest of the country [7–9].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2004973 · Cited by 9,951
Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany
Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., Zimmer, T., Thiel, V., Jänke, C., Guggemos, W., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001468 · Cited by 4,211
Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures
Kouadio, I. K., Aljunid, S., Kamigaki, T., Hammad, K., & Oshitani, H. (2012) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/eri.11.155 · Cited by 546 · cited 1×
“Displacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility of infection [35] [36] [37] .”
Ziraba, A. K., Haregu, T., & Mberu, B. U. (2016) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-016-0166-4 · Cited by 334 · cited 1×
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak [84] in 2014 was that quarantines, which were used as a response measure in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, resulted in large waste disposal burdens that put an even greater strain on the health of residents of informal settlements.”
Self-citationWilkinson, A., Ali, H., Bedford, J., Boonyabancha, S., Connolly, C., Conteh, A., Dean, L., Decorte, F., Dercon, B., Dias, S., et al. (2020) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247820922843 · Cited by 320
Self-citationThe Political Economy of Slums: Theory and Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Fox, S. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.08.005 · Cited by 307
Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums
Lilford, R. J., Oyebode, O., Satterthwaite, D., Melendez-Torres, G. J., Chen, Y.-F., Mberu, B., Watson, S. I., Sartori, J., Ndugwa, R., Caiaffa, W., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31848-7 · Cited by 305
Self-citationSlum health: Diseases of neglected populations
Riley, L. W., Ko, A. I., Unger, A., & Reis, M. G. (2007) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/1472-698x-7-2 · Cited by 302
Self-citationLeveraging Urbanization in South Asia: Managing Spatial Transformation for Prosperity and Livability
Ellis, P., & Roberts, M. (2016) · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0662-9 · Cited by 292 · cited 1×
“We also recognize that urban slums are the sources of substantial economic activity in cities and countries, such as through micro-enterprises and informal labor [19, 20] , and any response to COVID-19 should balance economic well-being and epidemic mitigation.”
Nutritional status of school-age children - A scenario of urban slums in India
Srivastava, A., Mahmood, S. E., Srivastava, P. M., Shrotriya, V. P., & Kumar, B. (2012) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/0778-7367-70-8 · Cited by 270 · cited 1×
“Providing produce and proteins for home cooking may also not be adequate, especially if residents of informal settlements are forced to cook inside their structures.”
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- NAS. Urbanization and slums: infectious diseases in the built environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2018. 3, Understanding Infectious Disease Transmission in Urban Built Environments. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507339/
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations
Silva, A. L. P., Prata, J. C., Walker, T. R., Duarte, A. C., Ouyang, W., Barceló, ., & Rocha‐Santos, T. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683 · Cited by 1,098
Talic, S., Shah, S., Wild, H., Gašević, D., Maharaj, A. D., Ademi, Z., Li, X., Xu, W., Mesa‐Eguiagaray, I., Rostron, J., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068302 · Cited by 850
“135 137 As such, a more nuanced and community specific approach might be required.”
BackgroundSilva, A. L. P., Prata, J. C., Walker, T. R., Campos, D., Duarte, A. C., Soares, A. M. V. M., Barceló, ., & Rocha‐Santos, T. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140565 · Cited by 633
“However, uncontrolled landfilling and local burning strategies on plastic waste increased substantially in some Indian municipalities during COVID-19 pandemic, as an attempt to avoid virus contagion (Corburn et al., 2020).”
Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A. C. F., Cazumbá, M. L. B., Campos, R. G. B., de Brito, S. B. C. S., & Silva, A. C. S. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212 · Cited by 632
COVID-19 Government Response Event Dataset (CoronaNet v.1.0)
Cheng, C. I.-F., Barceló, J., Hartnett, A. S., Kubinec, R., & Messerschmidt, L. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0909-7 · Cited by 465
Metadata
- Authors
- Corburn, J., Vlahov, D., Mberu, B., Riley, L., Caiaffa, W. T., Rashid, S. F., Ko, A., Patel, S., Jukur, S., Martínez-Herrera, E., Jayasinghe, S., Agarwal, S., Nguendo-Yongsi, B., Weru, J., Ouma, S., Edmundo, K., Oni, T., & Ayad, H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Yale University (US)
- African Population and Health Research Center (KE)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- BRAC University (BD)
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research (India) (IN)
- University of Colombo (LK)
- Université de Yaoundé II (CM)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Alexandria University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Corburn, Jason
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Urban Health
- Published
- 2020-04-24
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 348-357
- ISSN
- 0028-7091 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-3460
- 1468-2869
- PMC
- PMC7182092
- OpenAlex
- W3020814017
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 105
- FWCI
- 258.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-02-11)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Urban Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BRAC University Institutional Repository (BRAC University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/S00811X/1)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, informal settlements, slums, urban poverty, community health workers, eviction moratorium, cash transfers, water, sanitation and hygiene, food aid, solid waste collection, health care access, migrants, homelessness, Sphere standards, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health Services Accessibility, Housing, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Poverty Areas, Sanitation, Urban Health, Urban Population, Coronavirus Infections, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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