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Cited by 101Urban and Rural Development ChallengesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesUrban Development and Societal Issues

Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India

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Subbaraman, Ramnath, O’brien, Jennifer, Shitole, Tejal, Shitole, Shrutika, Sawant, Kiran, Bloom, David E, Patil-Deshmukh, Anita·2012·Environment and Urbanization
DOI 10.1177/0956247812456356PMC PMC3565225
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Abstract

Approximately half of all slums ( 1 ) in India are not recognized by the government. Lack of government recognition, also referred to as “non-notified status” in the Indian context, may create entrenched barriers to legal rights and basic services such as water, sanitation and security of tenure. In this paper, we explore the relationship between non-notified status and health outcomes in Kaula Bandar, a slum in Mumbai, India. We illustrate this relationship using the findings of a four-year long series of studies in the community. By comparing Kaula Bandar’s statistics with those from other Mumbai slums captured by India’s National Family Health Survey–3, we show that Kaula Bandar has relative deficiencies in several health and social outcomes, including educational status, child health and adult nutrition. We then provide an explanatory framework for the role that Kaula Bandar’s non-notified status may play in generating poor health outcomes, by discussing the health consequences of the absence of basic services. We also highlight the criminalization by the government of activities necessary for fulfilling access to fundamental needs such as water, toilets and shelter. We argue that the policy vacuum surrounding non-notified slums such as Kaula Bandar results in governance failures that lead to poor health outcomes. Our findings highlight the need for cities in India and other developing countries to establish and fulfill minimum humanitarian standards in non-notified slums for the provision of basic services such as water, sanitation, solid waste removal, electricity and education.

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  • Community-based slum mapping exercises have regularly shown that few urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, meet minimal standards for water access, toilets per person, sewers, and drainage per household.

    “Community-based slum mapping exercises have regularly shown that few urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, meet the minimal standards for water access, toilets per person, sewers, and drainage per household [58, 59].”

    From Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements (2020) · cites this paper as [59]

    Section V (page unavailable) documents inadequate water access, too few functioning toilets, and no sewer infrastructure in Kaula Bandar, a slum in Mumbai. It does not establish that community-based mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or address drainage per household. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Sawant K Shitole S Shitole T Bloom DE Patil-Deshmukh A 2011 Lean on me -- inequities of formal support systems during disasters for the most vulnerable residents of an unregistered slum [Abstract OS1.4] Oral Presentation at: the 10th International Conference on Urban Health 2–4 November 2011 Belo Horizonte
  2. Subbaraman R Shitole S Sawant K Shitole T Bloom DE Patil-Deshmukh A 2011 Failures in the quality, quantity, and reliability of water provided through an informal distribution system in Mumbai, India [Abstract OS40.6] Oral Presentation at: the 10th International Conference on Urban Health 2–4 November 2011 Belo Horizonte

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Authors
Subbaraman, R., O’brien, J., Shitole, T., Shitole, S., Sawant, K., Bloom, D. E., & Patil-Deshmukh, A.
Affiliations
  • Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (IN)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • e-mail:
Corresponding author
  • Subbaraman, Ramnath
  • O’brien, Jennifer
  • Shitole, Tejal
  • Shitole, Shrutika
  • Sawant, Kiran
  • Bloom, David E
  • Patil-Deshmukh, Anita
ORCID
Venue
Environment and Urbanization
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2012-10
Volume
24
Issue
2
Pages
643-663
ISSN
  • 0956-2478 (ISSN-L)
  • 1746-0301
DOI
10.1177/0956247812456356
PMC
PMC3565225
OpenAlex
W1978771292
Cited by
101
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
FWCI
23.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Environment and Urbanization (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
Fogarty International Center (R24TW007988)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
  • Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Development and Societal Issues
Keywords
informal settlements, health outcomes, basic services, water and sanitation, tenure security, child health, adult nutrition, urban governance, humanitarian norms, Mumbai

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