The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 26 of the 60 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements
Open accessAbstract
The paper argues that informal settlements are the least prepared for health crises because basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure housing are already in short supply or non-existent.
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Claims the paper makes
13 Partly supported · 8 No full text of the sources · 7 Sources not found · 7 Own interpretation · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) describes poor-quality water and inadequate sanitation in slums, and Security of tenure (p. 9) says residents of most slums lack title or secure tenure. The paper recommends improving drainage and garbage removal (Health and public services, p. 17), but the passages do not establish that drainage and waste collection are scarce or absent, or directly characterize housing as inadequate. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page not provided) describes slums as having inadequate access to safe water, sanitation and other infrastructure, poor-quality housing, and insecure residential status. This supports the general claim of scarce basic services and adequate housing, but the paper does not specifically identify toilets, sewers, drainage, or waste collection as scarce or absent. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section reports an acute lack of basic amenities in two Nairobi slum settlements, including limited piped water and private toilets and inadequate garbage disposal (page not provided). The paper also describes makeshift housing, but does not establish a shortage of sewers or drainage, assess housing security, or document these conditions across informal settlements throughout the Global South. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many urban informal settlement residents rely on informal health providers as their first entry into the health care system, either due to cost, trust, or access issues [50].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Adams AM, et al. Who serves the urban poor? A geospatial and descriptive analysis of health services in slum settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(1):i32–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu094. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion describes the informal private sector as a first point of care for poor people in Bangladesh and documents its density in Dhaka slums. It identifies low costs, flexible payment, familiarity, and convenient access as reasons for its use, but does not explicitly identify trust as a reason. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Malnutrition and food insecurity is endemic in many urban slums throughout the world [65–68].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] Joshi A, Arora A, Amadi-Mgbenka C, Mittal N, Sharma S, Malhotra B, et al. Burden of household food insecurity in urban slum settings. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0214461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214461. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes a food and nutrition emergency in urban India, and the Abstract reports food insecurity among 43% of participants sampled from Indian slums. The paper does not establish that malnutrition and food insecurity are endemic across urban slums throughout the world; its study is limited to India and does not report a direct malnutrition measure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [66] Kimani-Murage EW, Muthuri SK, Oti SO, Mutua MK, van de Vijver S, Kyobutungi C. Evidence of a double burden of malnutrition in urban poor settings in Nairobi., Kenya. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0129943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129943. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes high food insecurity in urban poor settings in sub-Saharan Africa and says these conditions put slum dwellers at high risk of malnutrition. The Discussion reports high levels of undernutrition in the Nairobi slums studied. The paper does not establish that both conditions are endemic in many urban slums throughout the world; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Agarwal S, Sethi V, Gupta P, Jha M, Agnihotri A, Nord M. Experiential household food insecurity in an urban underserved slum of North India. Food Sec. 2009;1(3):239–50. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Hadley C, Stevenson EG, Tadesse Y, Belachew T. Rapidly rising food prices and the experience of food insecurity in urban Ethiopia: impacts on health and well-being. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2412–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion of slum populations in “Identifying and studying slums as spatial entities” (pp. 18–19) does not give a worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion,” “880 million,” “billion,” and “million” found no passage in our copy stating the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. source
The Background section states that nearly 1 billion people were estimated to live in slums. It also describes slums as human settlements, supporting the claim’s reference to urban slums or informal settlements. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Could not verifycites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section describes shortages of water, toilets, and waste disposal in the two Nairobi settlements, but gives no worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion” and global slum-population estimates found no passage supporting the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) links poor water quality and inadequate sanitation in slums to high rates of diarrhoea, and the Conclusion (p. 23) says densely packed slum neighbourhoods are likely to amplify health hazards. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to that infection specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background estimates that nearly 1 billion people live in slums and describes inadequate water, sanitation, housing and overcrowding as defining characteristics. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section documents shortages of piped water and private toilets, as well as inadequate waste disposal, in two Nairobi slum settlements. It does not assess susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, and its findings about those settlements do not establish the claim for slum residents generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums and tenements make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely [8] [9] [10] [11].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Snyder RE, et al. Zika: A scourge in urban slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(3):e0005287. Published 2017 Mar 23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005287. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text (page unavailable) describes severe crowding in slums and says it facilitates the spread of mosquito-borne Zika. It does not discuss violence or say that space constraints and overcrowding make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Snyder RE, Marlow MA, Riley LW. Ebola in urban slums: the elephant in the room. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(12):e685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70339-0. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s main text describes overcrowding in slums as a condition conducive to Ebola spread and says inadequate government-enforced quarantine contributed to spread in West Point; no page number is available in our copy. It does not say that violence or space constraints make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical, and it does not discuss tenements. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [10] Key considerations: COVID-19 in informal urban settlements. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15185/SSHAP_COVID-19_Key_Considerations_Informal_Settlements_final.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Accessed 28 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Community-based slum mapping exercises have regularly shown that few urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, meet the minimal standards for water access, toilets per person, sewers, and drainage per household [58, 59].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [58] Corburn J, Hildebrand C. Slum sanitation and the social determinants of Women’s health in Nairobi. Kenya. J Environ Public Health. 2015;2015:209505. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/209505. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methodology describes community-led mapping in Mathare, Nairobi, and the Results report unreliable water access, heavily shared toilets, and wastewater draining into streets. The paper supports the claim for this one settlement, but does not establish that mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or assess minimum standards for sewers and drainage per household. No page numbers were provided for the passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [59] Subbaraman R, O'Brien J, Shitole T, Shitole S, Sawant K, Bloom DE, et al. Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India. Environ Urban. 2012 Oct;24(2):643-663. PMCID: PMC3565225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247812456356 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section V (page unavailable) documents inadequate water access, too few functioning toilets, and no sewer infrastructure in Kaula Bandar, a slum in Mumbai. It does not establish that community-based mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or address drainage per household. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Those already living on the streets and in slums likely have a legitimate mistrust and fear of government and outsiders claiming to help, since these institutions can be perceived as oppressive and interested in stymying political opposition [23, 24].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] Rashid SF. Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27:574–86. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on eviction and housing policy describe government evictions of slum residents and the government's disregard of their protests, supporting a basis for fear of government. The paper does not report mistrust of outsiders claiming to help, an interest in suppressing political opposition, or findings about people living on the streets. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Sholihah PI, Shaojun C. Impoverishment of induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) slum eviction development in Jakarta Indonesia. Int Urban Sustain Dev. 2018;10(3):263–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2018.1534737. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak in the slums of Monrovia, Liberia, was that mistrust between the poor and medical and public health professionals contributed to misinformation and treatment delays; less appreciated was that slum residents had innovative ideas about how to improve hygiene and well-being [22].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Mukpo, A. 2017. Liberia after Ebola: ‘The human suffering changed me.’ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/liberia-ebola-human-suffering-changed-170618094629264.html. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Urban slums largely lack municipal waste collection [77] so residents, youth groups, and/or organized cartels often fill the void [78]. [79]”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [77] Mukama, T. et al. Practices, concerns, and willingness to participate in solid waste management in two urban slums in Central Uganda. J Env and Public Health (n.d.) https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6830163 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background reports that municipal waste collection has low coverage in Ugandan slums. The Results (§3.2) show residents disposing of household waste themselves, but the paper does not describe youth groups or organized cartels filling the collection gap, or establish that this pattern applies to urban slums generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [78] UN. Turning waste into a business in the slums of Yaoundé, Cameroon. 2019 https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043541
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites [79] Schueler, Adriana Soares de, Kzure, Humberto, Racca, Gustavo Badolati. How are municipal waste in the slums of Rio de Janeiro?. urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana [online]. 2018, vol.10, n.1, pp. 213-230. ISSN 2175-3369. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.010.001.ao15 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says irregular dumping remains common even with regular collection, and “Sobre o Grupamento 2” reports door-to-door truck collection three times a week. The paper describes access difficulties and recommends some resident involvement, but it does not say that slums largely lack municipal collection or that youth groups or cartels routinely replace it. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Sharing of water access points forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, both of which adversely impact health and economic status [ 60, 61].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [60] Hopewell MR, Graham JP. Trends in access to water supply and sanitation in 31 major sub-Saharan African cities: an analysis of DHS data from 2000 to 2012. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-208. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Difficulties of measuring and defining access; page unavailable) says households may share a standpipe with dozens of others. The Results (Time spent collecting drinking water; page unavailable) suggest that some households travel farther or wait longer in line to obtain water. The paper does not establish that sharing forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, or that this time adversely affects their health and economic status. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Could not verifycites [61] Simiyu S, Swilling M, Cairncross S, Rheingans R. Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements: case study of Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-4009-6. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Results passages concern the management and cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities, not shared water access points. Searches for water queues, time spent collecting water, and effects on health or economic status found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food, and street food vending is often a significant source of calories and nutrition [69, 70].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [69] Steyn N, Mchiza Z, et al. Nutritional contribution of street foods to the diet of people in developing countries: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2013;17:1363–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001158. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Energy and nutrient intakes section says street foods make a significant contribution to dietary energy and reports their contribution to some micronutrients. The Advantages of the street food trade section links street-food consumption to employment and income, but our copy does not say that urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food. Page numbers were not provided in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Galal O, Corroon M, Tirado C. Urban environment and health: food security. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2010;22(3 Suppl):254S–61S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510372993. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Indoor air pollution from cooking [72, 73] can contribute to respiratory infections, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in urban slums [74].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Kulshreshtha P, Khare M, Seetharaman P. Indoor air quality assessment in and around urban slums of Delhi city, India. Indoor Air. 2008 Dec;18(6):488–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00550.x. source
- Supportedcites [73] Dianati K, et al. Household air pollution in Nairobi’s slums: a long-term policy evaluation using participatory system dynamics. Sci Total Environ. 2019;660:1108–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotxenv.2018.12.430. source
The citation attached to this source is placed after “Indoor air pollution from cooking.” The Introduction (page not provided) says households in Nairobi’s slums cook with kerosene, charcoal, or wood and that these fuels generate indoor air pollution. The respiratory-infection and morbidity clause carries a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites [74] Checkley W, Pollard SL, Siddharthan T, Babu GR, Thakur M, Miele CH, et al. Managing threats to respiratory health in urban slums. Lancet. 2016;4(11):852–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Schools often provide essential nutrition and meals for children living in slums, and closing those institutions may deny children access to their only consistent meals [71].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [71] Srivastava A, Mahmood SE, Srivastava PM, Shrotriya VP, Kumar B. Nutritional status of school-age children - a scenario of urban slums in India. Arch Public Health. 2012;70:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/0778-7367-70-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions section, under “Deliver integrated programs” (page not available), says schools can help reduce nutrition-related problems through school health programs. It does not say that schools provide meals to slum children or that closures could deprive them of their only consistent meals. (LLM, conf=0.81)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Displacing residents of urban slums can not only contribute to transmission and acquisition of infections but can have long-term physical and mental health impacts, especially for women and children [40, 41].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [40] Kim G, Torbay R, Lawry L. Basic health, women’s health, and mental health among internally displaced persons in Nyala Province, South Darfur, Sudan. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(2):353–61. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Basic Needs and Mental Health; page unavailable) links conditions in displaced-person camps to communicable-disease risk and says displacement may contribute to mental-health burdens. The Results (Morbidity; page unavailable) report illness among children, and the Discussion describes unmet women’s health needs. But the study concerns conflict-displaced people in South Darfur camps, not residents displaced from urban slums, and it does not establish long-term impacts. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Choueiry N, Khawaja M. Displacement and health status in low income women: findings from a population-based study in greater Beirut. J Migr Refug Issues. 2007;3(1):1–13.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, governments have already begun to impose draconian quarantine and physical distancing measures for the urban poor without also ensuring that those residing in urban slums can meet their everyday needs, such as food and clean water [14].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Kimani-Murage EW, Schofield L, Wekesah F, Mohamed S, Mberu B, Ettarh R, et al. Vulnerability to food insecurity in urban slums: experiences from Nairobi, Kenya. J Urban Health. 2014;91:1098–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9894-3. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page unavailable) describes inadequate water infrastructure in slums, and the Discussion (page unavailable) reports widespread food insecurity, especially during crises. The paper does not report governments imposing quarantine or physical-distancing measures, or assess whether they ensured access to food and clean water while doing so. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Displacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility of infection [35–37].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Deola C, Patel RB. Health outcomes of crisis driven urban displacement: a conceptual framework. Disaster Health. 2014;2(2):92–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/21665044.2014.990306. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2012;10(1):95–104. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.155. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Puertas G, Ríos C, Valle H. The prevalence of common mental disorders in urban slums with displaced persons in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2006;20(5):324–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892006001000005. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lack of these basic services can contribute to increased violence and further spread of disease [62].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S. Violence, gender and WaSH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic. Environ Urban. 2015;27:105–16. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The toll it will take on lives and livelihoods will have immediate and long-lasting effects.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Solid waste recycling can also be an income-generating activity for some slum dwellers [ 81].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Buyana K, Byarugaba D, Sseviiri H, Nsangi G, Kasaija P. Experimentation in an African neighborhood: reflections for transitions to sustainable energy in cities. Urban Forum. 2019;30:191–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-018-9358-z. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, investing in the health and well-being of the urban poor and residents of slums first will ultimately prevent disease reservoirs that would eventually spillover into the general population.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“WHO estimates 7 million people die every year from ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution, with nearly 90% of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries [75].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75] WHO. 2020. Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
The paper relies on this without support.
All slums the authors know about and work with have assets that can be used to share information, prevent exposure, and support well-being.
“Fourth, all slums we know about and work with have assets, even among the widespread deprivation, that can be utilized to share information, prevent exposure, and support over-all well-being.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When clinics exist in urban slums, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.
“Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.
“As noted above, informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most common ailments in urban slums tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.
“The mobile units should also be prepared to treat the most common ailments in urban slums, which tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In Latin America, it is estimated that between 20–30% of the region’s population – approximately 113 million people – lives in an urban informal settlement, which have been identified as being at elevated risk to COVID-19 due to poverty, violence, and overcrowding [7, 23].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although urban areas are generally wealthier than rural areas, wide disparities in socioeconomic status (SES) and segregation into wealthy and poor sub-city units mean that cities contain a microcosm of social gradients – and inequities in health – present in the rest of the country [7–9].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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COVID-19 and municipal solid waste (MSW) management: a review
Das, A. K., Islam, M. N., Billah, M. M., & Sarker, A. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13914-6 · Cited by 106
“In India, around 60% of plastic is recycled (Alpizar et al. 2020); however, the pandemic has decreased the recycling of plastic in countries with smaller economies, and increased local burning strategies as an attempt to avoid virus contagion (Corburn et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAccess to Healthcare in a time of COVID-19: Sex Workers in Crisis in Nairobi, Kenya
Gichuna, S., Hassan, R., Sanders, T., et al. (2020) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1810298 · Cited by 97
Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., & Grandhi, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031381 · Cited by 98
“[28] added that massive amounts of medical waste from COVID-19 are continuously generated and disposed into the natural environment; and inappropriate waste management practices can increase the risk of contamination, particu-”
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Challenges for developing countries
Pandey, D., Verma, S., Verma, P., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113634 · Cited by 95
Beyond command and control: A rapid review of meaningful community-engaged responses to COVID-19
Loewenson, R. H., Colvin, C. J., Szabzon, F., Das, S., Khanna, R., Coelho, V. S. P., Gansané, Z., Yao, S., Asibu, W. D., Rome, N., et al. (2021) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.1900316 · Cited by 93
“in some countries, and laissez fare responses leaving people to make individual choices in others (Bhaduri, 2020; Corburn et al., 2020; Loewenson et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 transmission dynamics underlying epidemic waves in Kenya
Brand, S. P. C., Ojal, J., Aziza, R., Were, V. O., Okiro, E. A., Kombe, I. K., Mburu, C., Ogero, M. O., Agweyu, A., Warimwe, G. M., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abk0414 · Cited by 85
Unintended socio-economic and health consequences of COVID-19 among slum dwellers in Kampala, Uganda
Nuwematsiko, R., Nabiryo, M., Bomboka, J. B., Nalinya, S., Musoke, D., Okello, D. A., & Wanyenze, R. K. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12453-6 · Cited by 91
“Slum dwellers largely depend on daily wages for food and other essential requirements [26, 27].”
BackgroundBorg, F. H., Andersen, J. G., Karekezi, C., Yonga, G., Furu, P., Kallestrup, P., & Kraef, C. (2021) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2021.1908064 · Cited by 94
“However, access to health care can often be better than in rural areas where many migrants originate [20].”
BackgroundFranco, I. D., Ortiz, C., Samper, J., & Millán, G. (2020) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247820944823 · Cited by 87
“Wilkinson (2020a); Corburn et al. (2020); Vera et al. (2020).”
COVID-19, poverty and inclusive development
Gupta, J., Bavinck, M., Ros-Tonen, M. A. F., Asubonteng, K. O., Bosch, H., van Ewijk, E., Hordijk, M. A., Leynseele, Y. V., Cardozo, M. T. A. L., Miedema, E. A. J., et al. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105527 · Cited by 93
“Limited access to social distancing options: About 0.9 billion people live in informal, congested settlements with limited social distancing options (Wilkinson, 2020) where infections spread rapidly (Gibson & Rush, 2020; Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe socioeconomic and environmental drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic: A review
Wu, T. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01497-4 · Cited by 94
de Groot, J., & Lemanski, C. (2020) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247820970094 · Cited by 82
Kelman, I., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Rose-Clarke, K., Prost, A., Ronneberg, E., Wheeler, N., & Watts, N. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abe57d · Cited by 82
Spatial distributive effects of public green space and COVID-19 infection in London
Pan, J., Bardhan, R., & Jin, Y. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127182 · Cited by 87
Stoler, J. B., Miller, J. D., Brewis, A., Freeman, M. C., Harris, L. M., Jepson, W. E., Pearson, A. L., Rosinger, A. Y., Shah, S. H., Staddon, C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113715 · Cited by 78
Mallick, S. K., Pramanik, M., Maity, B., Das, P., & Sahana, M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148951 · Cited by 85
Huerta, C. M., & Utomo, A. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102606 · Cited by 80
Kaushal, R., Rohit, R., & Dhaka, A. K. (2022) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-02434-z · Cited by 75
“[64] have reported a rise in uncontrolled landfilling and burning of plastic waste in several Indian municipalities.”
Golechha, M. (2020) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00474-2 · Cited by 71
Reclaiming comprehensive public health
Loewenson, R. H., Accoe, K., Bajpai, N., et al. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003886 · Cited by 71
How does Covid-19 affect urban slums? Evidence from settlement leaders in India
Auerbach, A. M., & Thachil, T. (2020) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105304 · Cited by 71
COVID-19 in India: who are we leaving behind?
Raju, E., Dutta, A., & Ayeb-Karlsson, S. (2021) · Progress in Disaster Science · doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100163 · Cited by 71
dos Santos, R. M. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100103 · Cited by 74
Disposable over Reusable Face Masks: Public Safety or Environmental Disaster?
Prata, J. C., Silva, A. L. P., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha‐Santos, T. (2021) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments8040031 · Cited by 66
“Most COVID-19 household waste is being landfilled [41] or, worse, discarded in open landfills in countries with limited”
BackgroundShupler, M. S., O’Keefe, M., Puzzolo, E., Nix, E., de Cuevas, R. A., Mwitari, J., Gohole, A., Sang, E., Čukić, I., Menya, D., et al. (2021) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116769 · Cited by 70
Bedrosian, N., Mitchell, E., Rohm, E., Rothe, M., Kelly, C., String, G. M., & Lantagne, D. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05651 · Cited by 63
Islam, S. M. D.-U., Mondal, P. K., Ojöng, N., Bodrud-Doza, M., Siddique, M. A. B., Hossain, M., & Mamun, M. A. (2021) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-020-01151-9 · Cited by 61
Spread of COVID-19 in urban neighbourhoods and slums of the developing world
Sahasranaman, A., & Jensen, H. J. (2021) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0599 · Cited by 66
Water Quality and Water Pollution in Time of COVID-19: Positive and Negative Repercussions
Mănoiu, V.-M., Kubiak-Wójcicka, K., Crăciun, A.-I., Akman, Ç., & Akman, E. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14071124 · Cited by 59
Impacts of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Municipal Solid Waste Management: Now and beyond the Pandemic
Roy, P., Mohanty, A. K., Wagner, A., Sharif, S., Khalil, H., & Misra, M. (2021) · ACS Environmental Au · doi:10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00005 · Cited by 58
Towards a More Equal City: Seven Transformations for More Equitable and Sustainable Cities
Mahendra, A., King, R., Du, J., Dasgupta, A., Beard, V. A., Kallergis, A., & Schalch, K. (2021) · doi:10.46830/wrirpt.19.00124 · Cited by 69
Siegel, R., & Mallow, P. J. (2020) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922820973018 · Cited by 57
Planning for pandemic resilience: COVID-19 experience from urban slums in Khulna, Bangladesh
Akter, S., Hakim, S. S., & Rahman, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Urban Management · doi:10.1016/j.jum.2021.08.003 · Cited by 63
Hernández, J. R. E., Moghadam, S. T., Sharifi, A., & Lombardi, P. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139735 · Cited by 57
“Different scholars have also concluded that vulnerable groups such as low-income people and minorities were the most affected during the outbreak (Corburn et al., 2020).”
Kephart, J. L., Delclòs‐Alió, X., Rodrı́guez, D. A., Sarmiento, O. L., Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, T., Ramírez‐Zea, M., Quistberg, D. A., Bilal, U., & Roux, A. V. D. (2021) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00174-6 · Cited by 54
Olateju, Z., Olufunlayo, T. F., MacArthur, C., Leung, C., & Taylor, B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265092 · Cited by 54
“More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, CHWs have aided in the home delivery of medications [18], follow up of patients [19], health education [20], nutrition screening, vaccine delivery [21] and psychological and social support [22,23].”
BackgroundRurally rooted cross-border migrant workers from Myanmar, Covid-19, and agrarian movements
Borras, S. M., Franco, J. C., Ra, D., et al. (2021) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-021-10262-6 · Cited by 52
Azunre, G. A., Amponsah, O., Takyi, S. A., Mensah, H., & Braimah, I. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105782 · Cited by 58
Rahman, M. H., Zafri, N. M., Ashik, F. R., Waliullah, M., & Khan, A. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06260 · Cited by 52
Knowledge, risk perceptions, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi
Banda, J., Dube, A. L. N., Brumfield, S., Amoah, A. S., Crampin, A. C., Reniers, G., & Helleringer, S. (2021) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2021.44.20 · Cited by 49
Leveraging Africa's preparedness towards the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic
Senghore, M., Savi, M. K., Gnangnon, B., Hanage, W. P., & Okeke, I. N. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30234-5 · Cited by 51
Preventing COVID‐19 Amid Public Health and Urban Planning Failures in Slums of Indian Cities
Patel, A. (2020) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.351 · Cited by 51
“A recent article by a team of public health experts, epidemiologists, community leaders, and NGOs provides eight urgent recommendations for governments to reduce the impact of COVID‐19 on people living in slums (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCobre, A. D. F., Böger, B., Fachi, M. M., Vilhena, R. D. O., Domingos, E. L., Tonin, F. S., & Pontarolo, R. (2020) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.26882020 · Cited by 49
Challenges of Testing COVID-19 Cases in Bangladesh
Rahaman, K. R., Mahmud, M. S., & Mallick, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186439 · Cited by 49
Neighborhood sustainability assessment tools: Research trends and forecast for the built environment
Dawodu, A., Cheshmehzangi, A., Sharifi, A., et al. (2022) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2022.100064 · Cited by 49
The Impacts of Plastic Waste from Personal Protective Equipment Used during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cubas, A., Moecke, E., Provin, A., Dutra, A. R. A., Machado, M., & Gouveia, I. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15153151 · Cited by 33
“The impact of the pandemic on several SDGs is evident [80,81].”
BackgroundDaboné, C., Mbagwu, I., Muray, M., Ubangha, L., Kohoun, B., Etowa, E. B., Nare, H., Kiros, G., & Etowa, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-00973-1 · Cited by 48
“The rest of the studies were comments [27], theoretical perspectives [25, 28, 29], or just a press release report [21, 23, 24].”
BackgroundInfluentialAlam, S., Adnan, Z. H., Baten, M. A., & Bag, S. (2021) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-06-2021-0329 · Cited by 48
COVID-19-Related Studies of Nonprofit Management: A Critical Review and Research Agenda
Santos, M. R. C., & Laureano, R. M. D. S. (2021) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-021-00432-9 · Cited by 45
“The COVID-19 pandemic, small-scale fisheries and coastal fishing communities (Bennett et al., 2020) - Slum health: Arresting COVID-19 and improving well-being in urban informal settlements (Corburn et al., 2020) -”
BackgroundTampe, T. (2020) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1791443 · Cited by 45
“A recent review by Corburn et al. (2020) describes this recommendation and other pertinent actions in more detail.”
BackgroundInformal urbanism in the state of uncertainty: forms of informality and urban health emergencies
Kamalipour, H., & Peimani, N. (2020) · URBAN DESIGN International · doi:10.1057/s41289-020-00145-3 · Cited by 45
COVID-19 and Slums: A Pandemic Highlights Gaps in Knowledge About Urban Poverty
Friesen, J., & Pelz, P. F. (2020) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/19578 · Cited by 44
“As mentioned above, researchers have already developed proposals to prevent or contain the spread of COVID-19 in slums in a very concrete way [10,14].”
BackgroundTargeting the World’s Slums as Fat Tails in the Distribution of COVID-19 Cases
Buckley, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00450-w · Cited by 42
“Fortunately, a group of medical experts and slum community leaders have laid out the dimensions of a plan of action called “Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-being in Urban Informal Settlements,” in the Journal of Urban Health, hereafter, the slumcoronavirus paper [7].”
BackgroundPost COVID-19 recovery: Challenges and opportunities for solid waste management in Africa
Adusei-Gyamfi, J., Boateng, K. S., Sulemana, A., & Hogarh, J. N. (2022) · Environmental Challenges · doi:10.1016/j.envc.2022.100442 · Cited by 47
Habitat vulnerability in slum areas of India – What we learnt from COVID-19?
Das, M., Das, A., Giri, B., Sarkar, R., & Saha, S. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102553 · Cited by 45
“Slum households are highly relying on a robust social connection [77] for subsistence.”
Shi, C., Liao, L., Li, H., & Su, Z. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12419-8 · Cited by 45
“Common space and living space are often very narrow in these communities, the lighting and ventilation conditions of the buildings are poor, and the public health facilities are usually outdated or even deficient [48].”
BackgroundKim, J., Hagen, E., Muindi, Z., Mbonglou, G., & Laituri, M. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153398 · Cited by 44
“…Kibera and Mathare as our study area because WASH and general public health issues in Kibera and Mathare were critical even before the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., Corburn and Hildebrand, 2015; Corburn and Karanja, 2014; Darkey and Kariuki, 2013; Edwards et al., 2015; Mutisya and Yarime, 2011).”
Shumba, C. S., Kimani, R. W., Shaibu, S., Mbuthia, G., Maina, R., Mbugua, S., Shah, S., Ndirangu, E. W., Abubakar, A. A., & Luchters, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197028 · Cited by 41
“Stay at home orders and lockdowns are unlikely to be followed through as quest for food and basic commodities is necessary [65].”
BackgroundSocial distancing and wellbeing: conceptualizing actor distance and actor safe zone for pandemics
Finsterwalder, J. (2020) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1841753 · Cited by 42
Deprivations and Inequities in Cities Viewed Through a Pandemic Lens
Boza‐Kiss, B., Pachauri, S., & Zimm, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2021.645914 · Cited by 47
Valenzuela‐Levi, N., Echiburú, T., Correa-Parra, J., Hurtubia, R., & Muñoz, J. C. (2021) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.006 · Cited by 40
Willingness to Get the COVID-19 Vaccine among Residents of Slum Settlements
Ticona, J. P. A., Nery, N., Victoriano, R., Fofana, M. O., Ribeiro, G. S., Giorgi, E., dos Reis, M. G., Ko, A. I., & Costa, F. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9090951 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, COVID-19 has had a large economic impact due to rising unemployment rates, which hamper adhesion to preventive measures (such as lockdown and social distancing) [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationParikh, P., Diep, L., Gupte, J., & Lakhanpaul, M. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102871 · Cited by 39
“These include respiratory infections, tuberculosis, typhoid and malaria, commonly diagnosed among low-income populations living in homes with poor infrastructure and limited access to basic services (Corburn et al., 2020; Hardoy, Mitlin, & Satterthwaite, 2001).”
Brito, P. L., Kuffer, M., Koeva, M., Pedrassoli, J. C., Wang, J., Costa, F., & de Freitas, A. D. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9090557 · Cited by 39
“(h) Community organizations and empowerment through local leadership and available infrastructure for humanitarian aid actions, such as schools, community centers, and religious buildings [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialBucătaru, C., Săvescu, D., Repanovici, A., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063300 · Cited by 39
“[14] analyzes the way to improve and protect people, to improve their lives, and well-being, for people with modest incomes, low, on the verge of existence, migrants and proposes economic, social, and psychical measures (maybe major psychic influences leading to suicide).”
BackgroundInfluentialDas, K. P., Sharma, D., Saha, S., & Satapathy, B. K. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16025-4 · Cited by 39
“In many Indian cities, significantly increased cases of unscientific landfills and open burning of plastic waste were reported during the pandemic (Corburn et al. 2020; Shooshtarian et al. 2020b).”
BackgroundRethinking the distribution of urban green spaces in Mexico City: Lessons from the COVID-19 outbreak
Huerta, C. M. (2022) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127525 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Corburn, J., Vlahov, D., Mberu, B., Riley, L., Caiaffa, W. T., Rashid, S. F., Ko, A., Patel, S., Jukur, S., Martínez-Herrera, E., Jayasinghe, S., Agarwal, S., Nguendo-Yongsi, B., Weru, J., Ouma, S., Edmundo, K., Oni, T., & Ayad, H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Yale University (US)
- African Population and Health Research Center (KE)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- BRAC University (BD)
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research (India) (IN)
- University of Colombo (LK)
- Université de Yaoundé II (CM)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Alexandria University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Corburn, Jason
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Urban Health
- Published
- 2020-04-24
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 348-357
- ISSN
- 0028-7091 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-3460
- 1468-2869
- PMC
- PMC7182092
- OpenAlex
- W3020814017
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 105
- FWCI
- 258.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-02-11)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Urban Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BRAC University Institutional Repository (BRAC University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/S00811X/1)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, informal settlements, slums, urban poverty, community health workers, eviction moratorium, cash transfers, water, sanitation and hygiene, food aid, solid waste collection, health care access, migrants, homelessness, Sphere standards, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health Services Accessibility, Housing, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Poverty Areas, Sanitation, Urban Health, Urban Population, Coronavirus Infections, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
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