The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Cross-sectional Measurement of Medical Student Empathy
Open accessAbstract
Background Empathy is important in the physician-patient relationship. Prior studies have suggested that physician empathy may decline with clinical training. Objective To measure and examine student empathy across medical school years. Design and participants A cross-sectional study of students at Boston University School of Medicine in 2006. Incoming students plus each class near the end of the academic year were surveyed. Measurements The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version (JSPE-S), a validated 20-item self-administered questionnaire with a total score ranging from 20 to 140. JSPE-S scores were controlled for potential confounders such as gender, age, anticipated financial debt upon graduation, and future career interest. Results 658 students participated in the study (81.4% of the school population). The first-year medical student class had the highest empathy scores (118.5), whereas the fourth-year class had the lowest empathy scores (106.6). Measured empathy differed between second- and third-year classes (118.2 vs 112.7, P < .001), corresponding to the first year of clinical training. Empathy appears to increase from the incoming to the first-year class (115.5 vs 118.5, P = .02). Students preferring people-oriented specialties had higher empathy scores than students preferring technology-oriented specialties (114.6 vs 111.4, P = .002). Female students were more likely than male students to choose people-oriented specialties (51.5 vs 26.9%, P < .001). Females had higher JSPE-S scores than males (116.5 vs 112.1, P < .001). Age and debt did not affect empathy scores. Conclusions Empathy scores of students in the preclinical years were higher than in the clinical years. Efforts are needed to determine whether differences in empathy scores among the classes are cohort effects or represent changes occurring in the course of medical education. Future research is needed to confirm whether clinical training impacts empathy negatively, and, if so, whether interventions can be designed to mitigate this impact.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Such studies of medical student empathy are limited in several important ways: they measure only the student's self-assessment of empathy; the comparisons involve students from single osteopathic and allopathic institutions that are not generalizable to the broader populations of osteopathic and allopathic medical students; and they do not provide measures of empathy that reflect actual patient En”
From Empathy in Medicine Osteopathic and Allopathic Physician Interpersonal Manner, Empathy, and Communication Style and Clinical Status of Their Patients: A Pain Registry–Based Study (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alternatively, another study of selfreported empathy found a significant difference in favor of osteopathic medical students, 4 but only among thirdyear students in comparison with an externally acquired control group.5”
From Empathy in Medicine Osteopathic and Allopathic Physician Interpersonal Manner, Empathy, and Communication Style and Clinical Status of Their Patients: A Pain Registry–Based Study (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Comparative studies of empathy have focused on osteopathic and allopathic medical students.”
From Empathy in Medicine Osteopathic and Allopathic Physician Interpersonal Manner, Empathy, and Communication Style and Clinical Status of Their Patients: A Pain Registry–Based Study (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.
Davis, M. H. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113 · Cited by 10,272
Patient adherence to treatment: three decades of research. A comprehensive review
Vermeire, E., Hearnshaw, H., Royen, P. V., & Denekens, J. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00363.x · Cited by 1,833
Levinson, W. S. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.277.7.553 · Cited by 1,794
Physician Empathy: Definition, Components, Measurement, and Relationship to Gender and Specialty
Hojat, M., Gonnella, J. S., Nasca, T. J., Mangione, S., Vergare, M. J., & Magee, M. M. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1563 · Cited by 1,318
The Effects of Physician Empathy on Patient Satisfaction and Compliance
Kim, S. S., Kaplowitz, S., & Johnston, M. V. (2004) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278704267037 · Cited by 1,063
The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data
Hojat, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J., Cohen, M. J. M., Gonnella, J. S., Erdmann, J. B., Veloski, J. J., & Magee, M. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971158 · Cited by 1,052
An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school
Hojat, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J., Rattner, S., Erdmann, J. B., Gonnella, J. S., & Magee, M. (2004) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01911.x · Cited by 864
Mercer, S. W., & Reynolds, W. (2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 800
The Doctor-Patient Relationship and Malpractice
Beckman, H. (1994) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1994.00420120093010 · Cited by 762
Empathy in medical students as related to academic performance, clinical competence and gender
Hojat, M., Gonnella, J. S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J., Veloski, J. J., Erdmann, J. B., Callahan, C. A., & Magee, M. M. (2002) · Medical Education · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01234.x · Cited by 671
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Levinson W, Roter DL, Mullooly JP, Dull VT, Frankel RM. The relationship with malpractice claims among primary care physicians and surgeons. JAMA. 1997;277:553–9. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 547
Emergency Medical Services Professionals’ Attitudes About Community Paramedic Programs
Steeps, R., Wilfong, D. A., Hubble, M. W., & Bercher, D. (2017) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2017.3.32591 · Cited by 19
Empathy and specialty preference in medical students. Follow-up study and feedback
Guilera, T., Batalla, I., & Soler-González, J. (2017) · Educación Médica · doi:10.1016/j.edumed.2017.07.017 · Cited by 19
Yun, J., Kim, K. H., Joo, G., Kim, B.-N., Roh, M., & Shin, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33501-z · Cited by 20
Haque, M., Sa, B., Majumder, M. A. A., Islam, M., Othman, N. S. A. B., Lutfi, S. N. N. B., Kibria, G. M., Salam, A., Ismail, M., & Abdullah, S. L. B. (2018) · Annals of African Medicine · doi:10.4103/aam.aam_57_17 · Cited by 19
“Most of the studies in the literature suggested that empathy diminishes after the 3rd year of medical school.[31-38] This research found that Year-V students had significantly higher levels of empathy than junior class students.”
InfluentialMeasurement of Empathy Changes During a Physical Therapistʼs Education and Beyond
Bayliss, A. J., & Strunk, V. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/00001416-201529020-00003 · Cited by 19
Šter, M. P., & Selič, P. (2015) · Slovenian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1515/sjph-2015-0037 · Cited by 19
“It would be of the utmost importance for medical educators in Slovenia to systematically examine the threat of erosion of empathy towards the final study year as reported by others (6, 15, 32, 37-39), at a time when the curriculum is shifting toward patient-care activities where empathy is essential.”
BackgroundChanges in Affective and Cognitive Empathy among Veterinary Practitioners
Schoenfeld-Tacher, R. M., Shaw, J. R., Meyer-Parsons, B., & Kogan, L. R. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.0116-009r2 · Cited by 19
Hales, C., Deak, C. K., Popoola, T., Harris, D. L., & Rook, H. (2021) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps4040089 · Cited by 19
Novel Approaches To Undergraduate Oncology Education
Ha, F. J., & Parakh, S. (2016) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-016-1109-z · Cited by 18
McTighe, A. J., DiTomasso, R. A., Felgoise, S. H., & Hojat, M. (2016) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.2016.127 · Cited by 18
Comparing empathy in medical students of two Portuguese medicine schools
Santiago, L. M., Rosendo, I., Coutinho, M.-L., Maurício, K., Neto, I., & Simões, J. A. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02034-3 · Cited by 18
Empathy without borders? Cross-cultural heart and mind-reading in first-year medical students.
Dehning, S., Gasperi, S., Tesfaye, M., Girma, E., Meyer, S., Krahl, W., Riedel, M. J., Möller, H., Müller, N., & Siebeck, M. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 17
Giusti, L., Mammarella, S., Salza, A., Ussorio, D., Bianco, D., CASACCHIA, M., & Roncone, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632996 · Cited by 17
“Similar to other studies (Hojat et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2007; Kataoka et al., 2009; Fields et al., 2011; Magalhaes et al., 2011; Petrucci et al., 2016; Quince, T. A et al., 2016; Williams et al., 2016), the results of our study highlighted that the female students had significantly higher average empathy scores tha…”
ResultLicciardone, J. C., Schmitt, M. E., & Aryal, S. (2019) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.2019.092 · Cited by 16
What is the Role of the Arts in Medical Education and Patient Care? A Survey-based Qualitative Study
Pories, S. E., Piawah, S., Abel, G. A., Mullangi, S., Doyle, J., & Katz, J. T. (2018) · Journal of Medical Humanities · doi:10.1007/s10912-018-9530-4 · Cited by 16
Empathy in dental care – the role of vicarious trauma
Uziel, N., Meyerson, J., Giryes, R., & Eli, I. (2019) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1111/idj.12487 · Cited by 18
Lwow, M., Canetti, L., & Muszkat, M. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02333-9 · Cited by 16
Shannon, C. K., & Jackson, J. (2015) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12123 · Cited by 16
Empathy in Korean psychiatric residents
Hong, M., Bahn, G. H., Lee, W. H., & Moon, S. J. (2011) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1758-5872.2011.00123.x · Cited by 16
“A research of Chen et al. (2007) conducted with Boston college of medicine students also showed that, as previously mentioned, empathy decreased with higher grade.”
MethodResultTeaching Empathy in Healthcare: from Mirror Neurons to Education Technology
Foster, A. E., Trieu, M., Azutillo, E., Halan, S., & Lok, B. C. L. (2017) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-017-0019-1 · Cited by 16
Moreto, G., Santos, I. S., Blasco, P. G., Pessini, L., & Lotufo, P. A. (2017) · Educación Médica · doi:10.1016/j.edumed.2017.07.019 · Cited by 16
MacNevin, W., Poon, E., & Skinner, T. A. A. (2021) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.70624 · Cited by 16
Avaliação da evolução da empatia em alunos do quarto ano da graduação em medicina da Unifesp em 2012
Thomazi, L., Moreira, F. G., & Marco, M. A. D. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/s0100-55022014000100012 · Cited by 15
Archer, E., Bezuidenhout, J., Kidd, M., & Heerden, B. B. V. (2014) · African Journal of Health Professions Education · doi:10.7196/ajhpe.351 · Cited by 16
“Students have been found to become less empathetic[11,12] and patient-centred, despite attempts to supplement medical curricula with additional courses and experiences.”
BackgroundHow to clarify the aims of empathy in medicine
Betzler, R. J. (2018) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-018-9833-2 · Cited by 16
““Core” specialties correspond roughly to what have, in more recent investigations, been called “person-centered specialties” and include family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics-gynecology, and psychiatry (Chen et al. 2007).”
BackgroundXuemei, C., Ding, N., Jiang, N., Li, H., & Wen, D. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041860 · Cited by 16
A Study of Empathy Decline in Physician Assistant Students at Completion of First Didactic Year
Mandel, E. D., & Schweinle, W. E. (2012) · The Journal of Physician Assistant Education · doi:10.1097/01367895-201223040-00005 · Cited by 16
Empathy Levels of Dentistry Students in Peru and Argentina
Díaz-Narváez, V. P., Gutiérrez-Ventura, F., de Villalba, T. V., Salcedo-Rioja, M. R., Calzadilla‐Núñez, A., Rodríguez, M. H., & Cervantes, M. (2015) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2015.710141 · Cited by 15
“Previous studies conducted in Latin America [2] [10] [15]-[18] and in other continents [19]-[22] only examine this construct in each population in association with the factors mentioned above (year and gender), but do not compare this attribute between student populations.”
ResultImpact of Perfectionism and Resilience on Empathy in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Rafaqat, W., Sami, A., Ibrahim, M., Ibad, H. A., Awais, S., Memon, A. M., Shahbaz, F. F., Ahmed, D., Zindani, S., Leghari, A. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Patient Experience · doi:10.1177/23743735221106603 · Cited by 17
Dinoff, A., Lynch, S. T., Hameed, A. S., Koestler, J. L., Ferrando, S. J., & Klepacz, L. (2023) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-023-01768-1 · Cited by 15
“, 81% of medical students at Boston University completed the JSE and mean empathy scores were lower in upper-year students compared to lower-year students [27].”
BackgroundProfiling undergraduate students from a Romanian medical university
Romosan, R. S., Dehelean, L., Enatescu, V.-R., Bredicean, A. C., Papavă, I., Giurgi-Oncu, C., & Romoșan, A. M. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s165797 · Cited by 17
“This fact may influence these students to center their attention on procedures and less on the patient’s emotional problems.(31,32) By contrast, the contact between a patient and a nurse is the central activity of nursing care, empathy and emotion recognition abilities being essential preconditions for an effective nu…”
Changes in the Level of Nursing Students’ Empathy During Four Years Education
Kesbakhi, M. S., & Rohani, C. (2020) · Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5812/jme.107179 · Cited by 15
Arani, R. H., Naji, Z., Moradi, A. R., Shariat, S. V., Mirzamohamadi, S., & Salamati, P. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02897-0 · Cited by 15
Measuring Empathy Levels among Kurdish Medical Students in Erbil City, Iraq: Cross-sectional study
Raoof, A. M., & Yassin, B. A. (2016) · Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · doi:10.18295/squmj.2016.16.01.011 · Cited by 15
What's new in academic medicine: Can we effectively address the burnout epidemic in healthcare?
Stawicki, S. P., Tolentino, J. C., Guo, W., Ricca, R., Vazquez, D., Martins, N. B., Sweeney, J., Moalem, J., Derrick, E. L., Sholevar, F., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Academic Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijam.ijam_47_17 · Cited by 14
“[32,52] Furthermore, there may be an even stronger association between burnout and lower empathy scores among the more technical medical specialties, such as general surgery.[53] It is critical for the medical community Table 1: Factors associated with burnout in medicine”
BackgroundEnlightened Self-interest in Altruism (ESIA)
Vearrier, L. E. (2020) · HEC Forum · doi:10.1007/s10730-020-09406-8 · Cited by 14
“Several studies have reported that empathy decreases in the clinical years of medical school (Chen et al. 2007; Hojat et al. 2004, 2009; Newton et al. 2008).”
BackgroundA simulated patient experience to improve pharmacy student empathy for patients on hemodialysis
Sjoquist, L. K., Cailor, S. M., Conkey, L., Wilcox, R., Ng, B., & Laswell, E. M. (2020) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2020.02.018 · Cited by 14
Empathy for patient care in medical students: new evidence on the importance of self-transcendence
Miniotti, M. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1842897 · Cited by 14
“Several studies have found a significant decline of empathy during medical school (Chen et al., 2007; Hojat et al., 2004; Newton et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVoultsos, P. P., Chatzinikolaou, F. G., Papana, A., & Deliligka, A. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00824-6 · Cited by 14
“, family medicine, pediatrics, internal medicine, psychiatry) have higher empathy levels [5, 9, 49, 56, 83, 87, 88, 94, 96, 104, 119].”
BackgroundLevels of Empathy among Dental Students in Five Chilean Universities
Díaz-Narváez, V. P., Calzadilla‐Núñez, A., Mardones, D. C., Bustos, A., Arancibia, A. Z., Silva, H., Tagle, E. L., Huberman, J., Utsman, R., & Reyes‐Reyes, A. (2016) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2016.81005 · Cited by 14
Böckers, A., Grab, C., Waller, C., Schulze, U., Gerhardt‐Szép, S., Mayer, B., Böckers, T. M., & Öchsner, W. (2017) · Education for Health · doi:10.4103/efh.efh_338_15 · Cited by 14
Archer, E., & Re, T. (2019) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.1956 · Cited by 14
Keshtkar, L., Ward, A., Winter, R., Leung, C., & Howick, J. (2024) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2024.100316 · Cited by 14
“It also measures medical students ’ orientation to empathy and does not measure actual behaviour [11]; some students might believe they are very empathic, yet do not demonstrate empathic behaviours [16].”
Medical students’ attitude toward patient-centeredness: A longitudinal study
Ardenghi, S., Russo, S., Rampoldi, G., Bani, M., & Strepparava, M. G. (2023) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2023.108003 · Cited by 13
Empathy in undergraduate medical students: a multi-center cross-sectional study in China
Huang, R., Zhou, Z., Liu, Y., Lin, M., Gong, M., Xian, S., Yin, H., Meng, T., Wang, X., Wang, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05350-2 · Cited by 13
“The finding was controversial with other studies [10, 20, 40, 41], So more large-sample studies should be carried out to explore the gender difference and related reasons in medical students’ empathy.”
BackgroundResultEducar las emociones para promover la formación ética
Blasco, P. G., Moreto, G., Janaudis, M. A., Benedetto, M. A. C. D., Delgado-Marroquín, M. T., & Altisent, R. (2013) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 13
Evidence of declining empathy in third year osteopathic medical students
Sales, H. M. C., & Bernstein, B. (2013) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2013.10.008 · Cited by 13
Stackhouse, N. L., Chamberlain, J., Bouwer, A., & Mexas, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.0818-096r · Cited by 13
Longitudinal Measurement of Empathy in Student Pharmacists
Walker, P. C., Marshall, V. D., Sweet, B. V., & Vordenberg, S. E. (2021) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8752 · Cited by 13
“fourth clinical years of study.(22-34) Williams and colleagues observed lower empathy scores in P2 and P3 compared to P1 students, although the differences were not significant, and methodological differences may account for the different results.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOrientación empática en estudiantes de odontología chilenos
Mardones, D. C. (2014) · Revista Estomatológica Herediana · doi:10.20453/reh.v22i3.108 · Cited by 13
Moreto, G., Blasco, P. G., Pessini, L., & Benedetto, M. A. C. D. (2014) · Atención Familiar · doi:10.1016/s1405-8871(16)30005-0 · Cited by 13
Nair, S., Shetty, R. S., Guha, S., Anjum, Z., & Kamath, A. (2018) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180463 · Cited by 13
“85).(6,7,11) Similar studies from other parts of India by Murthy et al from Vijayawada (102.”
ResultInfluentialWhat does care mean? Perceptions of people approaching the end of life
Janssen, A. L., & MacLeod, R. (2010) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951510000301 · Cited by 13
“This substantiates continuing evidence that care, in so far as it is demonstrated through empathy and compassion, is neglected in much of modern medical education (Chen et al., 2007; Egnew & Wilson, 2010).”
de Ávila, R. F., Fabrício, D. D. M., Bomfim, A. J. D. L., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2016) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000126 · Cited by 12
Empathy levels in medical students : do they really change over time?
Hegazi, I., Hennessy, A., & Wilson, I. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.69625 · Cited by 12
“This finding is contrary to many previous studies which observed a decline in the mean empathy scores, during education, in a variety of health disciplines [21, 26, 63, 64].”
ResultFocusing: A new challenger for improving the empathy skills of medical students
Nasello, J., & Triffaux, J. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102536 · Cited by 17
Empathy in occupational therapy students: a cross-sectional study at a Spanish university
Serrada-Tejeda, S., Martínez-Piédrola, R. M., Hoyas, E. H., Máximo-Bocanegra, N., Pedrajo, N. T., Rodríguez-Pérez, M. P., Sánchez-Herrera-Baeza, P., & Pérez‐de‐Heredia‐Torres, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058821 · Cited by 12
Empathy, Self-Reflection, and Curriculum Choice
Grosseman, S., Hojat, M., Duke, P., Mennin, S. P., Rosenzweig, S., & Novack, D. H. (2014) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning · doi:10.7771/1541-5015.1429 · Cited by 12
Bilbao, J., Iglesias, J. E., Díaz-Narváez, V. P., Crespo-Camacho, E., Palacio, L. M. A., & Alcocer-Olaciregui, A. E. (2015) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v63.n4.49715 · Cited by 12
Empathy Levels of Dental Students of Central America and the Caribbean
Díaz-Narváez, V. P., Coronado, A. M. E., Bilbao, J., González, F., Padilla, M., Howard, M., Silva, G., Arboleda, J., Bullen, M., Utsman, R., et al. (2015) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2015.712182 · Cited by 12
Akhavanrezayat, A., Shahini, N., Asl, H. T., Jarahi, L., Behdani, F., Shojaei, S. R. H., & Sadeghi, J. (2018) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/7101 · Cited by 12
“This indicated that level of empathy declined in clinical level, followed by an increase in empathy scores in basic science, which is similar to those of Chinese (26), Japanese (22) Korean (35) Portuguese (36) and Kuwaiti (24) medical students, but different from American (37, 38) medical students.”
ResultCanseco, J. M. B., Sierra, C. V., Jiménez, M. D. C. G., Rodríguez, E. O., López, F. J. G., Martínez, F. C., Ballesteros, L. C., & Martín, D. M. (2018) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2018.04.009 · Cited by 12
Ardenghi, S., Russo, S., Rampoldi, G., Bani, M., & Strepparava, M. G. (2024) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-024-02053-5 · Cited by 13
“…curriculum may have mitigated the well-documented factors that have been proven to hamper empathy in healthcare providers and students, including the “hidden curriculum” and negative role models, unrealistic expectations and loss of idealism, and pressing educational demands [28, 36, 60, 65, 66].”
BackgroundResultEmpathy and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: Is It All in the Hands?
Rizkalla, M. N., & Henderson, K. K. (2018) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.131 · Cited by 11
Chen, J. Y., Chin, W., & Tsang, J. P. Y. (2019) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2019.1665635 · Cited by 11
Psychometry and empathy levels and its dimensions in postgraduate students of dental specialties
Narváez, V. P. D., Oyarzún‐Muñoz, M., Reyes‐Reyes, A., Calzadilla‐Núñez, A., Martínez, P. T., Valenzuela, C. G., & Cornejo‐Fernández, N. (2021) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.12658 · Cited by 11
Reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de la empatía y la educación médica
Moreto, G., Blasco, P. G., & Benedetto, M. A. C. D. (2014) · Atención Familiar · doi:10.1016/s1405-8871(16)30026-8 · Cited by 11
Ward, H. O., Kibble, S., Mehta, G., Franklin, M., Kovoor, J. G., Jones, A., Panesar, S. S., & Carson‐Stevens, A. (2013) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/13-028 · Cited by 11
“As a result, students in the early stage of their courses are reportedly more empathic and patient-centered than those in the later stages of their training.(6,8,9) The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Open School is an interdisciplinary community that has a mission to advance health care improvement and pat…”
BackgroundHuberman, J., Rodríguez-Hopp, M. P., Providell, S. G., & Narváez, V. P. D. (2014) · Revista clínica de periodoncia implantología y rehabilitación oral · doi:10.1016/j.piro.2014.11.001 · Cited by 11
Simpkin, A. L., McKeown, A., Parekh, R., Kumar, S., & Tudor‐Williams, G. (2019) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2019.1578874 · Cited by 11
“Several studies have shown that students’ patient-centeredness erodes over the course of their training, counter to societal expectations (Hojat et al. 2004; Chen et al. 2007; Hojat et al. 2009).”
BackgroundHvidt, E. A., Søndergaard, J., Hvidt, N. C., Wehberg, S., Büssing, A., & Andersen, C. M. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-1967-2 · Cited by 11
Tsiantou, D., Lazaridou, D. C., Coolidge, T., Arapostathis, K. N., & Kotsanos, N. (2013) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.12037 · Cited by 11
Tuncer, B. B., Bavbek, N. C., Avan, B. A., Çelik, B., & Tuncer, C. (2020) · Acta Odontologica Turcica · doi:10.17214/gaziaot.669976 · Cited by 10
Harrison, K. (2021) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.020 · Cited by 10
Medical empathy in medical students in Madrid: A proposal for empathy level cut-off points for Spain
Canseco, J. M. B., Alfonso, A. B., Martínez, F. C., Solís, M. M. H., Agulló, T. F., Lledó, L., López-Román, A., Mesa, A. P., Ameigeiras, E. M. V., & Martín, D. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267172 · Cited by 10
Watari, T., Houchens, N., Nishizaki, Y., Kataoka, K., Otsuka, T., Nakano, Y., Sakaguchi, K., Shiraishi, Y., Katayama, K., Kataoka, H. U., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41011-w · Cited by 10
“This trend was similar to previous studies 16,22,24 .”
ResultBombeke, K., Symons, L., Mortelmans, D., Debaene, L., Schol, S., Royen, P. V., & Winter, B. Y. D. (2013) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12102 · Cited by 10
Attitudes of US physician assistants toward persons with HIV/AIDS
Talley, A. K., Ritzdorf, K., & Muma, R. D. (2010) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01720610-201012000-00009 · Cited by 10
Are Problem Based Scenarios Supporting the Positive Affect and Empathy of Medical Students?
Karaoğlu, N., Pekcan, S., & Yılmaz, S. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.231 · Cited by 10
An assessment of pharmacy students’ empathy levels in Malaysia
Hasan, S. S., Babar, M. G., Chan, K. K., Ahmed, S. I., & Mitha, S. (2013) · Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) · Cited by 10
Niveles de empatía en estudiantes de medicina de Córdoba, Argentina
(2019) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2019.81 · Cited by 10
Pieris, D., Jafine, H., Neilson, S., Amster, E., Zazulak, J., Lam, C., & Grierson, L. (2021) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14676 · Cited by 10
Sathaporn, K., & Pitanupong, J. (2021) · Siriraj Medical Journal/San Sirirat · doi:10.33192/smj.2021.108 · Cited by 10
Do occupational therapists’ communication behaviours change with experience?
Borghi, L., Johnson, I., Barlascini, L., Moja, E. A., & Vegni, E. A. M. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3109/11038128.2015.1058856 · Cited by 10
“Various studies have produced conflicting results regarding the association between self-report of communication and relational skills and actual behaviours.[4,6] As far as the field of occupational therapy (OT) is concerned, a large body of literature indicated that the client–therapist relationship is a key factor d…”
BackgroundResultYang, W. Y., Low, Y. E., Ng, W. J., Ong, S. H., & Jamil, J. A. (2019) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12562 · Cited by 10
The integrated curriculum and student empathy: a longitudinal multi-cohort analysis
Herber-Valdez, C. R., Blow, J. A., Salazar, T. T., Horn, K. V., Herrera, D. G., Lacy, N. L., Beinhoff, L., & de la Rosa, J. M. (2023) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-023-10292-1 · Cited by 13
“Since prior research indicates age and gender correlate with empathy (Austin et al., 2007; Bellini & Shea, 2005; Chen et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2012; Duarte et al., 2016; Hegazi & Wilson, 2013; Hojat, 2009; Hojat et al., 2004; Kataoka et al., 2009; Kelm et al., 2014; Magalhães et al., 2011;…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJust a Game: the Dangers of Quantifying Medical Student Professionalism
Pinto-Powell, R. C., & Lahey, T. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05063-x · Cited by 9
Measuring Empathy in Health Care
Sanchez, G., Ward‐Peterson, M., Musser, E. D., GALYNKER, I. I., Sandhu, S. K., & Foster, A. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29876-0_4 · Cited by 9
Mapa da Empatia em Saúde: Elaboração de um Instrumento para o Desenvolvimento da Empatia
Peixoto, J. M., & Moura, E. P. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v44.1-20190151 · Cited by 9
Decline of Empathy after the First Internship: Towards a More Functional Empathy?
Givron, H., & Desseilles, M. (2020) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1070246ar · Cited by 9
Perceived team roles of medical students: a five year cross-sectional study
Boone, A., Roelants, M., Hoppenbrouwers, K., Vandermeulen, C., Bois, M. D., & Godderis, L. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03263-4 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, certain medical specialties have a longer tradition of teamwork [8] or require higher levels of empathy [12], which is an important characteristic of teamwork [18].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMaintaining empathy in medical education
May, W. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.852657 · Cited by 9
“Several studies that have examined selfperceived empathy of medical students using one of these three instruments, have reported that there is a decline in empathy during medical school, specifically as students move from pre-clinical to clinical years (Hojat et al. 2004; Austin et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2007; Newton e…”
BackgroundHojat, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27625-0_9 · Cited by 9
Empathy in Internal Medicine Residents at Community-based Hospitals: A Cross-sectional Study
Foreback, J., Kusz, H., Lepisto, B. L., & Pawlaczyk, B. (2018) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/2382120518771352 · Cited by 9
Alam, B. F., Bashir, R., Nayab, T., Hussain, T., Babar, B. Z., Jan, S. H., & Fahim, F. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04267-w · Cited by 8
“These outcomes are in line with prior studies where authors identified, that third year of study marks as a turning point for students’ empathic behaviors, as during this period they enter their clinical training phase and a decline in students’ empathy levels starts to occur [52].”
ResultKrasner, H., Yim, L., & Simanton, E. G. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06297-y · Cited by 8
“…pediatrics, neurology, rehabilitation medicine, psychiatry, emergency medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, and dermatology) and technology-oriented specialties (pathology, surgery and surgical subspecialties, radiology, radiation oncology, and anesthesiology) for data analysis [18].”
Silva, J. T. N., & Júnior, A. T. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v45.1-20200053 · Cited by 8
Empathy and ageism among college students in non-medical institutions: the mediating role of empathy
Li, Q., Noah, A., & Knight, B. P. (2022) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2022.2073425 · Cited by 8
“This finding that students in health studies had higher levels of empathy is in line with previous studies which had claimed that empathy is a cornerstone of health practices (Chen et al., 2007; Hegazi & Wilson, 2013).”
ResultOnofrei, L. M., Șerban, C. L., Chiriță-Emandi, A., Jeleriu, R. M., & Puiu, M. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01569-2 · Cited by 13
“In medical students, several studies have discovered a decline in empathy at the beginning of the clinical phase of medical education [18, 22, 23].”
BackgroundTsou, K.-I., Lin, C., Cho, S., POWIS, D. A., Bore, M. R., Munro, D., Sze, D., Wu, H., Hsieh, M., & Lin, C.-H. (2012) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278712454138 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, D., Lew, R., Hershman, W., & Orlander, J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2007-07-26
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1434-1438
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC2305857
- OpenAlex
- W1974059841
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- physician empathy, medical students, specialty choice, gender differences, physician-patient relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attitude of Health Personnel, Cross-Sectional Studies, Education, Medical, Undergraduate, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Probability, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Students, Medical, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
