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A Cross-sectional Measurement of Medical Student Empathy
Open accessAbstract
Background Empathy is important in the physician-patient relationship. Prior studies have suggested that physician empathy may decline with clinical training. Objective To measure and examine student empathy across medical school years. Design and participants A cross-sectional study of students at Boston University School of Medicine in 2006. Incoming students plus each class near the end of the academic year were surveyed. Measurements The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version (JSPE-S), a validated 20-item self-administered questionnaire with a total score ranging from 20 to 140. JSPE-S scores were controlled for potential confounders such as gender, age, anticipated financial debt upon graduation, and future career interest. Results 658 students participated in the study (81.4% of the school population). The first-year medical student class had the highest empathy scores (118.5), whereas the fourth-year class had the lowest empathy scores (106.6). Measured empathy differed between second- and third-year classes (118.2 vs 112.7, P < .001), corresponding to the first year of clinical training. Empathy appears to increase from the incoming to the first-year class (115.5 vs 118.5, P = .02). Students preferring people-oriented specialties had higher empathy scores than students preferring technology-oriented specialties (114.6 vs 111.4, P = .002). Female students were more likely than male students to choose people-oriented specialties (51.5 vs 26.9%, P < .001). Females had higher JSPE-S scores than males (116.5 vs 112.1, P < .001). Age and debt did not affect empathy scores. Conclusions Empathy scores of students in the preclinical years were higher than in the clinical years. Efforts are needed to determine whether differences in empathy scores among the classes are cohort effects or represent changes occurring in the course of medical education. Future research is needed to confirm whether clinical training impacts empathy negatively, and, if so, whether interventions can be designed to mitigate this impact.
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“Such studies of medical student empathy are limited in several important ways: they measure only the student's self-assessment of empathy; the comparisons involve students from single osteopathic and allopathic institutions that are not generalizable to the broader populations of osteopathic and allopathic medical students; and they do not provide measures of empathy that reflect actual patient En”
From Empathy in Medicine Osteopathic and Allopathic Physician Interpersonal Manner, Empathy, and Communication Style and Clinical Status of Their Patients: A Pain Registry–Based Study (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Alternatively, another study of selfreported empathy found a significant difference in favor of osteopathic medical students, 4 but only among thirdyear students in comparison with an externally acquired control group.5”
From Empathy in Medicine Osteopathic and Allopathic Physician Interpersonal Manner, Empathy, and Communication Style and Clinical Status of Their Patients: A Pain Registry–Based Study (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Comparative studies of empathy have focused on osteopathic and allopathic medical students.”
From Empathy in Medicine Osteopathic and Allopathic Physician Interpersonal Manner, Empathy, and Communication Style and Clinical Status of Their Patients: A Pain Registry–Based Study (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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Empathy Decline and Its Reasons: A Systematic Review of Studies With Medical Students and Residents
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The Role of Empathy in Health and Social Care Professionals
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BackgroundTeaching Empathy to Medical Students
Batt-Rawden, S., Chisolm, M. S., Anton, B., & Flickinger, T. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318299f3e3 · Cited by 614
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“49 While the underlying cause of this trend is likely multifactorial, it is certainly possible that sleep habits of medical students are eroding their abilities to be empathetic to patients and colleagues alike.”
Interventions to cultivate physician empathy: a systematic review
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“Yet, not only is there a shortage of empathy among medical students and physicians, numerous studies show that empathy declines throughout medical training, in both medical school and residency [34-39].”
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“Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) [64,109,110,113,114,116,133, 143–145,148,149,152,183–188] Self-report through 20 items constituting three factors: perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in the patient’s shoes.”
BackgroundMethodCharacterizing changes in student empathy throughout medical school
Chen, D. C. R., Kirshenbaum, D. S., Yan, J., Kirshenbaum, E., & Aseltine, R. H. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.644600 · Cited by 290
“Career-specialty intentions were categorized into two groups, ‘‘people-oriented’’ specialties and ‘‘technologyoriented’’ specialties, which were based on specialty groupings determined in prior studies (Table 1) (Hojat et al. 2002; Chen et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationColliver, J. A., Conlee, M. J., Verhulst, S. J., & Dorsey, J. K. (2010) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181d281dc · Cited by 232
Empathy in senior year and first year medical students: a cross-sectional study
Magalhães, E., Salgueira, A. P., Costa, P., & Costa, M. J. (2011) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-11-52 · Cited by 206
“Despite a general awareness of the importance of physician empathy in patient care, some studies in the North-American context have found a decline in selfreported measures of empathy of undergraduate students throughout medical school [8-10] and post-graduate training [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialUndergraduate medical students' empathy: current perspectives
Quince, T. A., Thiemann, P., BENSON, J. A., & Hyde, S. (2016) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s76800 · Cited by 168
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“Given its widespread use in a medical context, perhaps it is now time for benchmarks for medical students to be established for the JSPE, which also take account of possible differences in age and culture [39,40].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialQuince, T. A., Kinnersley, P., Hales, J. M., Silva, A. S. D., Moriarty, H., Thiemann, P., Hyde, S., Brimicombe, J. D., Wood, D., Barclay, M., et al. (2016) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0603-7 · Cited by 161
“Inconsistent results concerning the trajectory of empathy during medical education have been reported by studies both of students entering medical education typically at aged 18 [18, 30, 32, 52] and of those who do so having completed a first degree [20, 25, 27].”
ResultPerotta, B., Arantes-Costa, F. M., Enns, S. C., Figueiro-Filho, E. A., Paro, H., Santos, I. S., Lorenzi-Filho, G., Martins, M. A., & Tempski, P. Z. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02544-8 · Cited by 134
Andersen, F. A., Johansen, A.-S. B., Søndergaard, J., Andersen, C. M., & Hvidt, E. A. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-1964-5 · Cited by 165
Embodied health: the effects of a mind–body course for medical students
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“91 among second-year medical students (17).”
Maintaining empathy in medical school: It is possible
Hegazi, I., & Wilson, I. G. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.802296 · Cited by 152
Enhancing and sustaining empathy in medical students
Hojat, M., Axelrod, D. J., Spandorfer, J. M., & Mangione, S. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.802300 · Cited by 150
“The study findings that empathy can be enhanced and sustained in physicians-in-training by targeted educational programs are encouraging, considering the reports of empathy decline during undergraduate and graduate medical education (Mangione et al. 2002; Hojat et al. 2004, 2009; Bellini & Shea 2005; Chen et al. 2007;…”
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“Some studies have reported a significant decline in the scores of the JSE during the clinical phase of medical education (Hojat et al. 2004b, 2009, Chen et al. 2007; Hojat 2007, Newton et al. 2008).”
BackgroundHumanism at Heart: Preserving Empathy in Third-Year Medical Students
Rosenthal, S., Howard, B., Schlussel, Y., Herrigel, D. J., Smolarz, B. G., Gable, B., Vasquez, J., Grigo, H., & Kaufman, M. (2011) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318209897f · Cited by 144
Evaluating the Impact of the Humanities in Medical Education
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“Our findings regarding enhancement of empathy during medical school in Chinese students are not in agreement with those recently report for American, Iranian, and Korean medical students [18,23,25-27], but are similar with that of Portuguese and Japanese medical students [19,23].”
ResultHojat, M., Shannon, S. C., DeSantis, J., Speicher, M. R., Bragan, L., & Calabrese, L. H. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003175 · Cited by 139
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Medical students’ understanding of empathy: a phenomenological study
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“Taken together, these reasons indicate why the empathy mean scores were not significant compared with American medical students, where medical schools curricula, student selection and training of medical students and in particular the importance that placed on communication skills, are entirely different from the trai…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA latent growth model suggests that empathy of medical students does not decline over time
Costa, P., Magalhães, E., & Costa, M. J. (2012) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-012-9390-z · Cited by 131
“2011), others found negative variations (Chen et al. 2007), while others reported increases throughout medical education (Kataoka et al.”
BackgroundThe development of empathy in the healthcare setting: a qualitative approach
Yu, C. C., Tan, L. L. C., Le, M. K., Tang, B., Liaw, S. Y., Tierney, T., Ho, Y. Y., Beng Eng Evelyn, L. I. M., Lim, D., Ng, R., et al. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03312-y · Cited by 164
“Females have been shown to have personality traits that lower stress levels [11, 19].”
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“There are, however, indications that education within the fields of veterinary science, (Paul and Podberscek 2000), human medicine, and nursing (Hojat et al. 2004; Chen et al. 2007) may lead to hardening and detachment, with subsequent reduction in empathy and attitudes.”
BackgroundClarifying changes in student empathy throughout medical school: a scoping review
Ferreira-Valente, A., Monteiro, J. S., Barbosa, R. M., Salgueira, A. P., Costa, P., & Costa, M. J. (2016) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-016-9704-7 · Cited by 120
Relationship-centred care in health: A 20-year scoping review
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Impact of a Workshop About Aging on the Empathy Scores of Pharmacy and Medical Students
Winkle, L. J. V., Fjortoft, N. F., & Hojat, M. (2012) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7619 · Cited by 117
Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy
Tavakol, S., Dennick, R., & Tavakol, M. (2011) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-11-54 · Cited by 114
Empathy in Iranian medical students: Measurement model of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy
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“This pattern has been observed in both cross-sectional and prospective studies (Hojat et al. 2004, 2009; Chen et al. 2007).”
ResultEmpathy in health professional students: A comparative cross-sectional study
Petrucci, C., Cerra, C. L., Aloisio, F., Montanari, P., & Lancia, L. (2016) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2016.03.022 · Cited by 112
“…to other studies (Hojat et al., 2002; Williams et al., 2014; Fields et al., 2011; Magalhães et al., 2011; Hasan et al., 2013; Kataoka et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2007), the results of this study highlight that the female students had significantly higher average scores of empathy than the male…”
ResultChaitoff, A. M., Sun, B. Z., Windover, A. K., Bokar, D., Featherall, J. T., Rothberg, M. B., & Misra‐Hebert, A. D. (2017) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001671 · Cited by 113
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The relationship between empathy and emotional intelligence among Iranian nursing students
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“medical school, similar to previous studies (Chen et al. 2007; Magalhães et al. 2011; Shariat & Habibi 2013).”
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Level of Empathy among Medical Students in Kuwait University, Kuwait
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An assessment of dental students' empathy levels in Malaysia
Babar, M. G., Omar, H., Lim, L. P., Khan, S. A., Mitha, S., Ahmad, S. F., & Hasan, S. S. (2013) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.5259.4513 · Cited by 107
“Being-in-role”: A teaching innovation to enhance empathic communication skills in medical students
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“medical students (Chen et al. 2007; Hojat et al. 2009).”
Guilera, T., Batalla, I., Forné, C., & Soler-González, J. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1485-2 · Cited by 106
“In some technology oriented specialties empathy maybe is less apparent or important in the doctor-patient relationship [4, 9].”
BackgroundResultComparing a Self-Administered Measure of Empathy with Observed Behavior Among Medical Students
Chen, D. C. R., Pahilan, M. E., & Orlander, J. D. (2009) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1193-4 · Cited by 105
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Academic burnout among medical students: respective importance of risk and protective factors
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Levels of empathy in undergraduate nursing students
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An exploration of changes in cognitive and emotional empathy among medical students in the Caribbean
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Comparison of empathy score among medical students in both basic and clinical levels.
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Empathy Levels in First- and Third-Year Students in Health and Non-Health Disciplines
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“This finding is consistent with that of earlier research.(4) A systematic review of 18 studies found that student empathy decreased significantly during medical and residency training.”
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Cross sectional assessment of empathy among undergraduates from a medical college
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“164 respectively) (Table 4), which is in consonance with studies from US Portugal and Japan.(8,13,20) However the study from Iran did not find any significant difference though female students did have mean higher scores (105.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBlanco, J. M., Caballero, F., López, F. J. G., Lorenzo, F., & Martín, D. M. (2018) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1309-9 · Cited by 80
Empathy: the effects of undergraduate nursing education in Turkey
Özcan, C. T., Oflaz, F., & Cicek, H. S. (2010) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2010.00832.x · Cited by 79
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“(6) at Boston University School and Hojat et al.”
BackgroundMethodTackett, S. A., Wright, S. M., Lubin, R. A., Li, J., & Pan, H. (2016) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13120 · Cited by 76
Empathy, emotional intelligence and interprofessional skills in healthcare education
McNulty, J. P., & Politis, Y. (2023) · Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2023.02.014 · Cited by 73
Egnew, T. R., & Wilson, H. J. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.08.012 · Cited by 73
Dehning, S., Girma, E., Gasperi, S., Meyer, S., Tesfaye, M., & Siebeck, M. (2012) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-34 · Cited by 72
“Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have indicated that females have generally more emotional empathy than males [16,19,21-26].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChanges in empathy during Medical Education: An example from Turkey
İğde, F. A., & Şahin, M. K. (2017) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.335.13074 · Cited by 71
Is empathy change in medical school geo‐socioculturally influenced?
Ponnamperuma, G. G., Yeo, S. P., & Samarasekera, D. D. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13819 · Cited by 71
Training Medical Students in Empathic Communication
Bayne, H. B. (2011) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2011.613899 · Cited by 73
“Despite an increased focus on empathy training, statistics point to a decline in empathy of medical students throughout their education (Chen et al., 2007; Hojat et al., 2004; J. Shapiro, 2008).”
BackgroundLa empatía médica, ¿nace o se hace? Evolución de la empatía en estudiantes de medicina
Esquerda, M., Yuguero, O., Salas, J. V., & Pifarré, J. (2015) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2014.12.012 · Cited by 69
Empathy as a Function of Clinical Exposure - Reading Emotion in the Eyes
Handford, C., Lemon, J., Grimm, M., & Vollmer-Conna, U. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065159 · Cited by 68
“An accumulation of recent findings suggests that the current structure of medical education and the pervading model of health care delivery erode the innate predisposition to empathize [4–9].”
BackgroundResultBiswas, B., Haldar, A., Dasgupta, A., Mallick, N., & Karmakar, A. (2018) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_109_18 · Cited by 71
“Besides, women are more skilled in developing interpersonal relationships with patients.([35-38]) These may be the reasons for such observation in our study.”
BackgroundHealthcare systems and the sciences of health professional education
Hays, R., Ramani, S., & HASSELL, A. B. (2020) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-020-10010-1 · Cited by 79
Changes in Dental Student Empathy During Training
Yarascavitch, C., Regehr, G., Hodges, B. D., & Haas, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2009.73.4.tb04722.x · Cited by 69
Decline of empathy among medical students: Dehumanization or useful coping process?
Triffaux, J., Tisseron, S., & Nasello, J. (2018) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2018.05.003 · Cited by 68
Toto, R. L., Man, L. C., Blatt, B. C., Simmens, S. J., & Greenberg, L. W. (2014) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-014-9502-z · Cited by 65
Reflections on empathy in medical education: What can we learn from social neurosciences?
Preusche, I., & Lamm, C. (2015) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-015-9581-5 · Cited by 70
“amount of ME literature on whether and when a change in medical students’ empathy occurs (Chen et al. 2007; Colliver et al. 2010a, b; Hojat et al. 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010; Neumann et al. 2011; Newton et al. 2008; Sherman and Cramer 2010).”
BackgroundChanges of empathy in medical college and medical school students: 1-year follow up study
Hong, M., Lee, W. H., Park, J. H., Yoon, T., Moon, D. S., Lee, S. M., & Bahn, G. H. (2012) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-122 · Cited by 65
“2Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Dong Dae Moon-Gu, 130-702, Seoul, South Korea.”
InfluentialReducing obesity prejudice in medical education
Matharu, K., Shapiro, J. F., Hammer, R. R., Kravitz, R. L., Wilson, M., & Fitzgerald, F. (2014) · Education for Health · doi:10.4103/1357-6283.152176 · Cited by 63
“Given the already high empathy scores in both groups,([30]) it is noteworthy that both intervention conditions succeeded in raising students’ scores still further.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHow well do medical students rate and communicate clinical empathy?
Lim, B. T., Moriarty, H., Huthwaite, M., Gray, L., Pullon, S., & Gallagher, P. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.715783 · Cited by 65
“Chen et al. (2007) observed significantly lower empathy scores for third year compared to second-year medical students.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNicolaides, M., Cardillo, L., Theodoulou, I., HANRAHAN, J. G., Tsoulfas, G., Athanasiou, T., Papalois, A. E., & Sideris, M. C. (2018) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2018.10.005 · Cited by 66
Levels of empathy in undergraduate occupational therapy students
Brown, T., Williams, B. A., Boyle, M. J., Molloy, A., McKenna, L., Molloy, E., & Lewis, B. (2010) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.297 · Cited by 62
Mostafa, A., Hoque, R., Mostafa, M., Rana, M. M., & Mostafa, F. (2014) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2014/375439 · Cited by 62
Complex and novel determinants of empathy change in medical students
Sng, G. G. R., Tung, J. Y. M., Ping, Y. S., Lee, S. S., Win, M. T. M., Hooi, S. C., & Samarasekera, D. D. (2016) · Korean journal of medical education · doi:10.3946/kjme.2016.11 · Cited by 62
“As shown in Table 2, there were no statistically significant differences in scores between adjacent years of students—in contrast to many studies [15,28,29] which showed a statistically significant decline in empathy”
ResultTsao, P., & Yu, C. H. Y. (2016) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0724-z · Cited by 63
“As such, we chose to study first or second year students prior to the recognized empathy decline in the third year [13].”
BackgroundResultCalabrese, L. H., Bianco, J. A., Mann, D., Massello, D., & Hojat, M. (2013) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.2013.068 · Cited by 61
Michael, K., Gutgeld-Dror, M., & Karnieli‐Miller, O. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.06.004 · Cited by 66
The effect of a structured empathy course on the students of a medical and a nursing school
Özcan, C. T., Oflaz, F., & Bakır, B. (2012) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01019.x · Cited by 59
“In the education of healthcare professionals, the decrease in empathy should be prevented and what has been lost needs to be regained (Chen et al. 2007; Hojat 2009; Shapiro 2008; Stepien & Baernstein 2006).”
BackgroundDuke, P., Grosseman, S., Novack, D. H., & Rosenzweig, S. (2014) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2014.956057 · Cited by 59
“…(Hirsh et al. 2007; Bell et al. 2008), loss of empathy (DasGupta & Charon 2004; Newton et al. 2008; Hojat et al. 2009), and an informal or hidden curriculum that erodes empathy, contributing to burnout, and potentially degrades professional formation (Hafferty 1998; Inui 2003; Chen et al. 2007).”
BackgroundDoes empathy change during undergraduate medical education? – A meta-analysis*
Spatoula, V., Panagopoulou, E. P., & Montgomery, A. (2019) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2019.1584275 · Cited by 58
“%) found a significant decline in empathy scores at the end of the third year, which persisted until graduation (Chen et al. 2007; Newton et al. 2008; Hojat et al. 2009; Khademalhosseini et al. 2014; Shashikumar et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2015; Igde and Sahin 2017), the other two studies (n¼ 2, 16”
ResultAkgün, Ö., Akdeniz, M., Kavukçu, E., & Avcı, H. H. (2020) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/2382120520940658 · Cited by 58
Development of emotional intelligence in a team-based learning internal medicine clerkship
Borges, N. J., Kirkham, K., Deardorff, A. S., & Moore, J. A. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.687121 · Cited by 58
“In fact, numerous studies have shown a generalized decline in empathy throughout medical school (Spencer 2004; Chen et al. 2007; Newton et al. 2008).”
BackgroundCommunication skills in medical students – An exploratory study before and after clerkships
Taveira-Gomes, I., Mota‐Cardoso, R., & Figueiredo‐Braga, M. (2016) · Porto Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pbj.2016.08.002 · Cited by 55
Students' Views on Factors Affecting Empathy in Medical Education
Winseman, J. S., Malik, A. H., Morison, J., & Balkoski, V. I. (2009) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ap.33.6.484 · Cited by 54
Levels of empathy in undergraduate midwifery students: An Australian cross-sectional study
McKenna, L., Boyle, M. J., Brown, T., Williams, B. A., Molloy, A., Lewis, B., & Molloy, E. (2011) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2011.02.003 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, D., Lew, R., Hershman, W., & Orlander, J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2007-07-26
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1434-1438
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC2305857
- OpenAlex
- W1974059841
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- physician empathy, medical students, specialty choice, gender differences, physician-patient relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attitude of Health Personnel, Cross-Sectional Studies, Education, Medical, Undergraduate, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Probability, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Students, Medical, Time Factors
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