Caring for LGBTQ+ Older Adults at Home
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Claims the paper makes
1 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Being single, financially impoverished, and socially isolated are risk factors for being homebound.
“Being single, financially impoverished, and socially isolated are risk factors for being homebound 4 and disproportionately more common among LGBTQ + older populations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Ornstein KA, Garrido MM, Bollens-Lund E, Reckrey JM, Husain M, Ferreira KB, Liu SH, Ankuda CK, Kelley AS, Siu AL. The Association Between Income and Incident Homebound Status Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(11):2594–2601. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16715 source
The Results (page unavailable) identify low income as a significant predictor of becoming homebound. Marital status and social isolation appear as adjustment variables, but the cited passages do not establish that being single or socially isolated are themselves risk factors. The citation is attached to the risk-factor clause, not the subsequent claim about LGBTQ+ older populations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationreasoning
Having strangers enter the home, including clinicians, can be potentially traumatizing for LGBTQ+ older adults.
“Having strangers enter the home, including clinicians, can be potentially traumatizing for LGBTQ + older adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
LGBTQ+ older adults have higher risks for social isolation, owing largely to discrimination.
“Given the fact that LGBTQ + older adults have higher risks for more medical comorbidities and social isolation, owing largely to discrimination, we recognize that we are likely missing many LGBTQ + older adults who we are caring for in our work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Over half (59%) of LGBTQ+ older adults lack companionship.
- Rests on an assumption: 53% of LGBTQ+ older adults feel isolated from others.
- Premisecitation
82% of LGBTQ+ older adults have experienced at least one instance of victimization or discrimination in their lifetime.
“Recent research has found an overwhelming majority (82%) of LGBTQ + older adults have experienced at least one instance of victimization or discrimination in their lifetime.2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Choi SK, Meyer IH. LGBT Aging: A Review of Research Findings, Needs, and Policy Implications. The Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law; 2016. Accessed June 2022 from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep34905
- Interpretationreasoning
We are likely missing many LGBTQ+ older adults who we are caring for in our work.
“Given the fact that LGBTQ + older adults have higher risks for more medical comorbidities and social isolation, owing largely to discrimination, we recognize that we are likely missing many LGBTQ + older adults who we are caring for in our work.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: LGBTQ+ older adults have higher risks for more medical comorbidities, owing largely to discrimination.
- Premisecitation
23% of transgender older adults report avoiding physicians for fear of mistreatment.
“The 2015 US Trans Survey revealed that 23% of transgender older adults report avoiding physicians for fear of mistreatment. 1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] SAGE. (2014). Out & Visible: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults, Ages 45–75. https://www.sageusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sageusa-out-visible-lgbt-market-research-full-report.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Almost half (48%) of same-sex couples have experienced adverse treatment when seeking senior housing.
“When seeking senior housing, almost half (48%) of same-sex couples have experienced adverse treatment.1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] SAGE. (2014). Out & Visible: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults, Ages 45–75. https://www.sageusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sageusa-out-visible-lgbt-market-research-full-report.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
LGBTQ+ older adults are twice as likely to be single compared to straight, cisgender peers.
“LGBTQ + older adults are twice as likely to be single and to live alone and four times less likely to have adult children compared to their straight, cisgender peers.5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] SAGE. (2010). Improving the Lives of LGBT Older Adults. https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/improving-the-lives-of-lgbt-older-adults.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
As of submission, 29 states lack explicit inclusion of sexual orientation or gender identity in housing protections.
“While some states have been working to uphold anti-discrimination laws for LGBTQ + long-term care residents, as of submission, 29 states lack explicit inclusion of sexual orientation or gender identity in housing protections.3”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] SAGE. (2014). Opening Doors: An Investigation of Barriers to Senior Housing for Same-Sex Couples. https://equalrightscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/senior_housing_report.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Many LGBTQ+ older adults may need long-term care.
“Many LGBTQ + older adults may both need long-term care and be reluctant to enter it for fear of discrimination and lack of housing protection.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Caceres BA, Travers J, Primiano JE, Luscombe RE, Dorsen C. Provider and LGBT Individuals’ Perspectives on LGBT Issues in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review. Gerontologist. 2020;60(3):e169–e183. source
- Premisecitation
LGBTQ+ older adults may feel a similar need to protect themselves with home care.
“Just as older adults are concerned about “returning to the closet” if they require nursing home care, they may feel a similar need to protect themselves with home care.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Caceres BA, Travers J, Primiano JE, Luscombe RE, Dorsen C. Provider and LGBT Individuals’ Perspectives on LGBT Issues in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review. Gerontologist. 2020;60(3):e169–e183. source
- Premisecitation
Older adults are concerned about returning to the closet if they require nursing home care.
“Just as older adults are concerned about “returning to the closet” if they require nursing home care, they may feel a similar need to protect themselves with home care.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Caceres BA, Travers J, Primiano JE, Luscombe RE, Dorsen C. Provider and LGBT Individuals’ Perspectives on LGBT Issues in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review. Gerontologist. 2020;60(3):e169–e183. source
- Premisecitation
Many LGBTQ+ older adults may be reluctant to enter long-term care for fear of discrimination and lack of housing protection.
“Many LGBTQ + older adults may both need long-term care and be reluctant to enter it for fear of discrimination and lack of housing protection.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Caceres BA, Travers J, Primiano JE, Luscombe RE, Dorsen C. Provider and LGBT Individuals’ Perspectives on LGBT Issues in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review. Gerontologist. 2020;60(3):e169–e183. source
- Premisecitation
LGBTQ+ older adults are four times less likely to have adult children compared to straight, cisgender peers.
“LGBTQ + older adults are twice as likely to be single and to live alone and four times less likely to have adult children compared to their straight, cisgender peers.5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] SAGE. (2010). Improving the Lives of LGBT Older Adults. https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/improving-the-lives-of-lgbt-older-adults.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
LGBTQ+ older adults are twice as likely to live alone compared to straight, cisgender peers.
“LGBTQ + older adults are twice as likely to be single and to live alone and four times less likely to have adult children compared to their straight, cisgender peers.5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] SAGE. (2010). Improving the Lives of LGBT Older Adults. https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/improving-the-lives-of-lgbt-older-adults.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2
- May combine two claims. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe number of LGBTQ+ adults over age 50 in the United States is projected to increase to more than 7 million by 2030.
“There are at least 3 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ +) adults over the age of 50 in the United States and this number is projected to increase to more than 7 million by 2030. 1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] SAGE. (2014). Out & Visible: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults, Ages 45–75. https://www.sageusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sageusa-out-visible-lgbt-market-research-full-report.pdf
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenBeing single, financially impoverished, and socially isolated are disproportionately more common among LGBTQ+ older populations.
“Being single, financially impoverished, and socially isolated are risk factors for being homebound 4 and disproportionately more common among LGBTQ + older populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Over half (59%) of LGBTQ+ older adults lack companionship.
- Rests on an assumption: 53% of LGBTQ+ older adults feel isolated from others.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAt least 3 million LGBTQ+ adults over age 50 live in the United States.
“There are at least 3 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ +) adults over the age of 50 in the United States and this number is projected to increase to more than 7 million by 2030. 1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] SAGE. (2014). Out & Visible: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults, Ages 45–75. https://www.sageusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sageusa-out-visible-lgbt-market-research-full-report.pdf
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
No published data exist evaluating health outcomes for homebound LGBTQ+ older adults broadly or specifically those with multiple intersecting marginalized identities.
“To our knowledge, there exists no published data evaluating the health outcomes for homebound LGBTQ + older adults broadly or specifically those with multiple intersecting marginalized identities (e.g., LGBTQ + racial and ethnic marginalized communities).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Over half (59%) of LGBTQ+ older adults lack companionship.
“We also see higher rates of poverty and isolation: over half (59%) of LGBTQ + older adults lack companionship and 53% feel isolated from others.”
The paper relies on this without support.
53% of LGBTQ+ older adults feel isolated from others.
“We also see higher rates of poverty and isolation: over half (59%) of LGBTQ + older adults lack companionship and 53% feel isolated from others.”
The paper relies on this without support.
More providers are entering the home environment due to rapid expansion of hospital-at-home and home-based primary care.
“With the rapid expansion of programs like hospital-at-home and home-based primary care, more providers are entering the home environment including physicians across specialties (e.g., family and internal medicine, geriatric medicine, hospice, and palliative care), advanced practice providers, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, community health workers, and home health A”
The paper relies on this without support.
LGBTQ+ older adults have higher risks for more medical comorbidities, owing largely to discrimination.
“Given the fact that LGBTQ + older adults have higher risks for more medical comorbidities and social isolation, owing largely to discrimination, we recognize that we are likely missing many LGBTQ + older adults who we are caring for in our work.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
A 2014 source is cited for a 2015 survey result
MinorThe cited source is dated 2014, so it cannot report a finding from the 2015 US Trans Survey.
“The 2015 US Trans Survey revealed that 23% of transgender older adults report avoiding physicians for fear of mistreatment. 1”
“1. SAGE. (2014). Out & Visible: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults, Ages 45-75.”
Cites
(2016) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Provider and LGBT Individuals’ Perspectives on LGBT Issues in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review
Caceres, B. A., Travers, J., Primiano, J. E., Luscombe, R. E., & Dorsen, C. (2020) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnz012 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Streed, C. G., Lunn, M. R., Siegel, J., & Obedin-Maliver, J. (2021) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003703 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Association Between Income and Incident Homebound Status Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries
Ornstein, K. A., Garrido, M. M., Bollens‐Lund, E., Reckrey, J. M., Husain, M., Ferreira, K. B., Liu, S. H., Ankuda, C. K., Kelley, A. S., & Siu, A. L. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16715 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- SAGE. (2014). Out & Visible: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults, Ages 45–75. https://www.sageusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sageusa-out-visible-lgbt-market-research-full-report.pdf
- SAGE. (2014). Opening Doors: An Investigation of Barriers to Senior Housing for Same-Sex Couples. https://equalrightscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/senior_housing_report.pdf
- SAGE. (2010). Improving the Lives of LGBT Older Adults. https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/improving-the-lives-of-lgbt-older-adults.pdf
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Robertson, M. L. (2023) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2023.10.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPostacute Care and Long-term Care for LGBTQ+ Older Adults
Carnahan, J. L., & Pickett, A. C. (2023) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2023.10.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the Kaleidoscope: Culturally Competent LGBTQIA+ Elder Care Through Intersectionality
Atwal, P. M. S. (2025) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2025.105337 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
LGBTQ+ inclusivity of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ Home Based Primary Care services
Lee, J. L.-Y., Hilgeman, M. M., Menen, T., Stigar, L. V., Sweeney, N. R., Mulcahy, A., & Carnahan, J. L. (2026) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igag012
Self-citationRobinson, C. M. (2026) · SpringerBriefs in social work · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-35170-8_3
- Authors
- Robertson, M. L., Carnahan, J. L., & Streed, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Regenstrief Institute (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robertson, Mariah L.
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2023-02-10
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1538-1540
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC10160310
- OpenAlex
- W4319827488
- Semantic Scholar
- 513009d40927a8a8487dd84cc62544f085275e3f
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K01HL151902-01A1)
- American Heart Association (20CDA35320148)
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2022061)
- National Institute on Aging (K23AG062797)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Keywords
- LGBT older adults, home care, home health care, elderly care, sexual and gender minorities, health care disparities
- MeSH terms
- Sexual and Gender Minorities, Aged, Health Services for the Aged, Home Care Services, Humans, Health Services for Transgender Persons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
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